全球低碳炼铁新工艺技术进展及展望

Progress and future perspective of low-carbon ironmaking process in the world

炼铁工业作为钢铁产业链的关键环节,其能源利用效率虽已提升至较高水平,但面对全球气候变化的严峻挑战,实现大规模减碳目标仍需依赖一系列突破性新技术的研发与应用。通过分析当前和未来可能的低碳或近零碳炼铁工艺方案,具体包括传统及富氢高炉流程、直接还原工艺、熔融还原工艺与电解炼铁工艺等,发现不同工艺所使用的能源在碳素、氢能和电力3个维度的分布各不相同。基于此,综合对比分析了中国、韩国、日本、欧洲和美国等地区或国家的最新炼铁技术进展与减碳路线。尽管各国的路线各有不同,但提高新能源对化石能源的替代比例是所有路线的共同宗旨。高炉-转炉流程在近期仍将占据钢铁生产的主导地位,但若继续基于碳冶金将给降碳带来巨大挑战,依靠富氢碳循环高炉技术或其他耦合绿电的新技术有望进一步显著降低该流程碳排放。直接还原铁-电弧炉工艺虽然发展迅速,但也面临着资源、技术和成本等方面的挑战。电解炼铁工艺也成为欧美国家的研究热点,但距离规模化生产仍需较长时间。目前尚无一种单一方法能够低成本地实现对钢铁行业的深度减排,这也表明不同国家和不同地区需要根据各地资源条件和具体情况因地制宜地确定具有区域特色的减碳技术路线。

As a key link of the steel industry,the ironmaking industry has achieved high levels of energy utilization efficiency.However,in the face of the severe challenges posed by global climate change,achieving large-scale carbon reduction targets still relies on the development and application of a series of breakthrough new technologies.By analyzing the current and future potential low-carbon or near-zero carbon ironmaking processes which include the traditional and hydrogen-rich blast furnace processes,direct reduction processes,smelting reduction processes,and electrolysis ironmaking processes,it was found that the energy characteristics in terms of carbon,hydrogen,and electricity are different for different processes.Based on this,the latest technological advancements and carbon reduction pathways in ironmaking in regions or countries such as China,South Korea,Japan,Europe,and the United States have been summarized and comprehensively discussed.Despite the differing approaches of various countries,the common goal is to increase the proportion of green energy sources replacing fossil fuels.The blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace(BF-BOF)process will continue to dominate steel production in the near to medium term.However,continuing to rely on carbon metallurgy presents significant challenges for CO_(2) emissions reduction.Utilizing hydrogen-rich carbon cycle blast furnace technology or other new technologies coupled with green electricity could significantly reduce CO_(2) emissions from this process.While the direct reduced iron(DRI)-electric arc furnace(EAF)process is developing rapidly,it also faces challenges related to resources,technology,and costs.Electrolysis ironmaking is also becoming a research focus in Western countries,but large-scale production remains a long way off.Currently,no single method can achieve deep emissions reductions in the steel industry at a low cost.This underscores the need for different countries and regions to determine locally appropriate carbon reduction technology pathways based on their specific resource conditions and circumstances.