胡塞尔与行动哲学

Husserl and the Philosophy of Action

胡塞尔《意识结构研究》的出版使得人们能够谈及胡塞尔的行动哲学。胡塞尔对意志和行动的思考相对松散且具有极强的实验性,因而难以整体把握。通过与当代行动哲学的相关论题相结合,胡塞尔行动哲学的整体形态和若干面向能够得到更好的展示。依照人类能动性辖域,当代行动哲学家区分了三种行动理论:意志论、身体论和物质论。它们对“意志、身体运动及其物理成效是否属于行动的范围”这一问题展开了争论,并由此规定了何为行动。胡塞尔权衡了这三种理论的优势辩护和可能受到的批评:一方面,将意志和物理成效收摄至身体运动之中,由此形成原行动;另一方面,将使用中的工具纳入身体之中,使其成为身体肢体的一部分。因此,胡塞尔可以说是工具论者,或者说,是宽泛意义上的身体论者。

The publication of Husserl’s Studies on the Structure of Consciousness has opened up discussions about Husserl’s philosophy of action.Husserl’s relatively loose and highly experimental reflections on will and action make it difficult to grasp his philosophy of action as a whole.By combining it with related topics in contemporary philosophy of action,the overall shape and several facets of Husserl’s philosophy of action can be better demonstrated.According to the domain of human agency,contemporary philosophers of action distinguish three theories of action:volitionalism,corporealism,and materialism,which debate“whether volition,bodily movements,and their physical effects are within the scope of action”,and thus define what action is.Husserl weighs the strengths and possible criticisms of these three theories,and then,on the one hand,incorporates volition and physical effects into bodily movement,thus forming proto-action,and on the other hand,incorporates the tool in use into the body,making it part of the body’s limbs.In this way,Husserl can be defined as an instrumentalist,or,rather,a corporealist in a broad sense.