声景生态学中的监测时空尺度及其选择

Spatio-temporal scale and selection in soundscape ecology

精确的声音采集与监测是声景生态学研究的基础,但目前声景生态学中的监测时空尺度选择尚不明晰。以Web of Science数据库核心合集2011年至2023年收录的86篇研究文献为对象,梳理与总结了声景生态学监测的空间与时间尺度及其尺度选择。在空间尺度上,分区布点法和网格布点法是目前使用最多的空间布点方法,常见的录音设备的最小间距为200m,常见的录音设备的平均离地高度为1.5m,较低的设备高度适用于探寻近地面灌丛昆虫群落声景,较高的设备高度适用于记录树冠层的动物声学活动。时间尺度可分为连续与间隔式采样,其中,连续采样适合收集短期和精细化时间尺度的音频数据,触发式连续采样适用于收集特定鸣声物种的声音信息;间隔采样适合捕捉长期的声学模式变化,其中每10min或15min采样1min是目前最为主要的方式,分别占12.3%和7.4%。不同声景生态学研究目标的监测时空尺度选择差异较大,其中声景格局及其驱动因素研究多使用间隔式采样和网格布点法,生态环境质量评估多使用间隔式采样和样线布点法,生物多样性及其声学特征评估多使用连续式采样和随机布点法,而分区布点法普遍应用于各类研究目标中。目前声景生态学面临空间尺度与生态等级结构的依赖性问题、时间尺度转换及其转换精度问题、时空尺度的合理选择问题,建议未来研究需聚焦于构建立体式声景监测空间网络、开展声景生态多尺度模拟、强化声景尺度选择的定量评估。

Precise sound collection and monitoring is the foundation of Soundscape Ecology.However,there is an urgent need to address the lack of systematic summary of spatio-temporal scale selection in Soundscape Ecology.The monitoring spatio-temporal scale of Soundscape Ecology is closely related to its subsequent research conclusions.Choosing different monitoring spatio-temporal scales has a significant impact on the research conclusions.Therefore,choosing a reasonable monitoring spatio-temporal scale is crucial for precisely reflecting the soundscape dynamic and biodiversity.We reviewed and summarized the spatial and temporal scales of Soundscape Ecology and their selection based on 86 research articles from the Core Collection of the Web of Science database between 2011 and 2023.In our review,we extracted and classified the information of spatio-temporal scales,including research objectives,sampling temporal schedule(continuous or interval recording),temporal length,spatial placement,spatial minimum distance(in meters)between devices,and spatial average surface height(in meters)of equipment.With respect to spatial scale,the placements were categorized into zoning,grid,transect,random and special placement method.The choice of placement method depended on the application range and spatial scale,with the zoning and grid placement method were the most commonly used in Soundscape Ecology.The most commonly observed minimum distance between devices was 200 meters,but in order to achieve the best monitoring performance of the equipment,it is necessary to obtain the monitoring range of the equipment based on different models of recording equipment and different environmental factors.The average surface height of the equipment was most commonly 1.5 meters,with lower surface heights suitable for exploring the soundscape of insect communities near ground shrubs and higher surface heights suitable for recording avian acoustic activities in tree canopies.In terms of temporal scale,sampling schedules were divided into continuous recording and interval recording.Continuous recording was suitable for collecting short-term and refined temporal scale data,such as capturing dawn or dusk chorus changes within 4 hours or diel soundscape changes within 72 hours.Triggered continuous recording was suitable for collecting long-term acoustic information of specific vocal species.Interval recording was suitable for capturing long-term acoustic pattern changes,with intervals of 1 in 10 minutes and 1 in 15 minutes being the most commonly used,accounting for 12.3%and 7.4%,respectively.Regarding scale selection,research objectives could be grouped into three categories:studying soundscape pattern and their driving factors,evaluating ecological environment quality,and evaluating biodiversity and its acoustic characteristics.Different soundscape ecological processes exhibited significant differences in spatio-temporal scales selection,but there were also similar selection trends within the same process category.For example,studying soundscape patterns and their driving factors often involves interval recording and grid placement methods,while evaluating ecological environment quality often involves interval recording and transect placement methods.Evaluating biodiversity and its acoustic characteristics often requires continuous recording and random placement methods.The zoning placement method was widely used across various research objectives.At present,Soundscape Ecology requires answering three questions of dependence between spatial scale and ecological hierarchy structure,temporal scale conversion and its conversion accuracy,and reasonable selection of spatio-temporal scale.We encourage future research to focus on building spatial-dimensional monitoring network,conducting soundscape ecology multi-scale simulation study,and strengthening quantitative evaluation of soundscape scale selection.