离子型短点火延迟自燃液体推进剂研究进展

Research progress on hypergolic ionic liquid propellant with short ignition delay time

自燃液体推进剂不仅可简化液体火箭发动机设计,而且可实现多次无故障点火,并提高动力设备的运行安全性,是航天推进技术领域的研究重点之一。降低自燃推进剂点火延迟时间,不仅可提高发动机启动过程可靠性及推进剂燃烧效率,也可避免推进剂积存在燃烧室内导致启动时产生过高的压力峰或激发剧烈振荡燃烧而发生爆炸。自燃离子液体(HILs)因蒸汽压低、物化性质可调节、毒性小等优点,有望弥补或替代肼类物质作为自燃液体推进剂燃料。以点火延迟时间小于5 ms的燃烧性能特点为核心,对短点火延迟时间HILs以及复配体系的合成制备方法进行了综述。针对自燃推进系统提出的要求,尽管现有短点火延迟的HILs或复配体系有成为未来绿色自燃推进剂燃料的潜质,但存在黏度高、燃烧产物复杂、比冲低等制约性问题。因此,还需在性能提升、工程适用性、系统匹配性等方面开展理论和试验研究,以加快HILs或复配体系早日走向工程应用。

Hypergolic liquid propellant can not only simplify the design of liquid rocket engine,but also realize multiple trouble-free ignitions and improve the operation safety of launch vehicles,which is one of the research focuses in the field of aerospace propulsion technology.Reducing the ignition delay time of hypergolic propellant can not only improve the reliability of start-up process of engine and the combustion efficiency of propellant,but also avoid the accumulation of propellant in the combustion chamber,which will cause excessive pressure peak or trigger violent oscillation combustion and explosion.Due to the advantages of low vapor pressure,adjustable physicochemical properties and low toxicity,hypergolic ionic liquids(HILs)are expected to compensate or replace hydrazine as the fuel of liquid propellant.In this paper,Based on the combustion performance of ignition delay time less than 5 ms,the synthesis and preparation methods of HILs and compounded system are reviewed.According to the requirements of hypergolic combustion propulsion system,although the existing HILs or compounded system with short ignition delay have the potential to become the future green hypergolic propellant fuel,there are some constraint problems such as high viscosity,complex combustion products and low specific impulse.Therefore,in order to accelerate the application of HILs or compounded system in engineering,it is necessary to carry out theoretical and experimental research on the aspects of performance improvement,engineering applicability,system matching,etc..