停止免疫化:网络暴力平台治理责任的法理基础与制度完善

Stopping Immunity:The Legal Basis and System Improvement of Online Violence Platform Governance Responsibility

社交网络平台以往在应对网络暴力时持中立或消极立场,隐蔽在“避风港原则”“红旗规则”下实行“通知-删除”和“反通知”制度。平台中立不符合主体层面的“空间保证人义务说”“第三人责任说”,客体层面的“利益说”“产品责任说”,内容层面的“权利延续说”“资源-技术-权力说”。基于身份关系和非身份关系的网络暴力的规制路径存在差异。基于身份关系的网络暴力治理应基于“特殊保护”和背景设置的原则,与反家暴法、反校园霸凌法等实现衔接。从一般保护的制度完善角度出发,推动反网络暴力法的制定,设置网络暴力的阈值,进行分阶段打击:网络暴力发生之前,对网络暴力防治进行显著提示,建立大型社交平台网暴治理信息共享机制,自动化决策与人工审核相结合;网络暴力可能达到临界状态时,防止受害者“被动离线”,平台人工负有介入的强制性义务,施行动态刷脸验证;网络暴力发生后,平台有及时向反网暴部门通报网络暴力情况与披露施害者基本信息的义务。

Social networking platforms have traditionally taken a neutral or passive stance in response to cyberbully⁃ing,hiding behind the"safe harbor principle"and the"red flag rule"while implementing a"notice-and-takedown"and"counter-notification"system.Platform neutrality does not align with the"space guarantor theory"or"third-party liability theory"at the subject level,the"interest theory"or"product liability theory"at the object level,or the"rights continuation theory"or"resource-technology-power theory"at the content level.There are differences in the regula⁃tory paths for identity-based cyberbullying and non-identity-based cyberbullying.The governance of identity-based cyberbullying should be based on the principles of"special protection"and contextual settings,aligning with antidomestic violence laws,anti-school bullying laws,and similar regulations.From the perspective of improving general protection systems,it is necessary to promote the enactment of anti-cyberbullying laws,set thresholds or critical points for cyberbullying,and implement phased countermeasures:before cyberbullying occurs,provide prominent warnings on cyberbullying prevention,establish a cyberbullying governance information-sharing platform for large social media platforms,and combine automated decision-making with manual review;when cyberbullying may reach a critical state,prevent victims from being"passively offline",and impose mandatory intervention obligations on the platform,such as dynamic facial recognition verification;after cyberbullying occurs,the platform has the obligation to promptly report the situation to the anti-cyberbullying department and disclose the basic information of the perpetrator.