哈尼语方言工具格标记的多功能语义演化模式

Multifunctional Patterns of Instrumental Case Markers in Dialects of Hani

工具格标记的多功能性具有跨地域、跨语言的类型共性。哈尼语的多个方言中存在不同形式的工具格标记。文章在对哈尼语10个土语点的工具格及相关语义的标记进行全面调查的基础上,归纳出哈尼语工具格标记的多功能语法形式的语义地图和语义演化路径,并认为,工具义是哈尼语诸多语义的原型范畴,其语义功能的扩展既体现了“工具-施事-从由”型藏缅语的语言共性又体现了方言分化中的个体差异。语言的使用者在认知和互动策略上的不同、语言内部要素的竞争是产生这种差异的主要原因。

Multifunctionality of instrumental case markers is a universal from cross-regional and cross-linguistic perspectives.There are variant forms of instrumental markers in many Hani sub-dialects.Based on a comprehensive investigation on these markers and related semantic markers in ten Hani sub-dialects,we use the semantic map to display the evolution path of the multifunctional forms of Hani instrumental markers,and points out that the instrumental meaning is the prototypical function of these multifunctional instrumental markers.The extension of the semantic functions of instrumental case markers reflects not only the isomorphism of the“Instrumental-Agent-Ablative”type of Tibeto-Burman languages but also the particularities developed in the course of dialect divergence.The differentiations can be mainly attributed to language users'differences in cognition and interactive strategies as well as competition in between the internal linguistic factors.