新制度与小革命:德国应用科学大学的制度化及其高等教育体系转型

A New System and Small Revolution:The Institutionalism of Universities of Applied Sciences and the Transformation of the Higher Education System in Germany

基于社会学制度主义的“规制-规范-文化认知”三维理论分析框架,分析德国应用科学大学的制度化进程及其撬动高等教育体系转型的制度变迁逻辑,对我国建设高质量教育体系具有重要启示作用。研究发现,德国高等教育体系变革进程并未产生制度性震荡,而是在原有架构上进行制度叠置,以一种温和“小革命”的运行状态实现了新旧制度的平稳转型,并积极回应了新生产力变革带来的教育需求。在规制性要素上,德国颁布和修订《高等学校总纲法》,明确了应用科学大学的法律地位,并根据社会需求不断缩短其与综合性大学的发展差距。在规范性要素上,德国将“不同但等值”作为推进高等教育体系从单一性向双类型转型的核心价值,不同类型的高等学校也奉行此理念并出台系列定位清晰的规范准则保障错位发展。在文化认知要素上,学术文化与技术文化是双类型高等教育体系背后的文化内核,两者在不断博弈中达至文化中和并促进制度内化。

Based on the three-dimensional analysis framework of"regulationnormscultural cognition"under sociological institutionalism,this study analyzes the institutionalism of Germany's universities of applied sciences and the evolutionary logic for the system triggering the transformation of the higher education system so as to offer implications for the building of a high-quality education system in China.The research results show the following:The reform of Germany's higher education system failed to result in institutional shocks;instead,the superposed system based on the original framework,and a mild"small revolution"helped to achieve smooth transition from the old system to the new system,and actively respond to the educational needs resulting from new changes of productivity.In terms of regulatory elements,Germany promulgated and amended the Framework Act for Higher Education,which defined the legal status of universities of applied sciences,and constantly shortened the development gap between these universities and comprehensive universities according to social needs.In terms of normative elements,Germany viewed"difference but equal value"as the core value in the shift of the higher education system from a single type to a dual type,which helped different types of higher education institutions follow this concept and make clearly-positioned criteria to ensure their staggered development.In terms of the elements for cultural cognition,academic culture and technical culture,which served as the cultural core behind the dual-type higher education system,achieved cultural neutralization and promoted the internalized system in constant competitions.