论智能辅助场景下交通事故的刑事责任

Criminal Liability for Traffic Accidents in the Scenario of AI-Assisted Driving

智能辅助驾驶催生了技术缺陷和人机交互错误这两种可能导致交通事故的新风险。由于智能系统技术缺陷风险现实化,人工智能服务提供者、汽车制造者可能要承担过失致人重伤罪或过失致人死亡罪等刑事责任,但不构成交通肇事罪。在认定过失时,应以“事后”的视角来判断技术缺陷的风险与原因,以“事前”的视角根据现有的技术水平并结合容许风险的法理判断技术缺陷及交通事故的预见可能性。由于人机交互错误风险现实化,驾驶人可能要承担交通肇事罪的刑事责任。在认定过失时,应合理适用信赖原则来界定注意义务的范围,结合过失不作为犯罪的基本原理认定驾驶人是否违反了接管义务。在人工智能服务提供者、汽车制造者和驾驶人共同过失的场合,应参照交通肇事罪的罪量要素,限缩人工智能服务提供者、汽车生产者构成过失犯罪的范围。

AI-assisted driving systems introduce the risks of technical defects and human-machine interaction errors,both of which can lead to traffic accidents.When a technical defect in an AI-assisted system becomes a reality and causes an accident,AI service providers and car manufacturers may face charges of negligent injury or negligent manslaughter,but not for traffic offenses.In determining negligence,it should be assessed from an ex-post perspective regarding the risks and causes of technical defects.However,from an ex-ante perspective,the foreseeability of technical defects should be judged based on existing technology and permissible risk principles.When human-machine interaction errors occur and result in accidents,drivers may bear criminal liability for traffic offenses.In assessing negligence,the principle of trust should be reasonably applied to define the scope of duty of care,and the basic principles of negligence for omissions should be used to determine whether the driver has violated the duty to take control.In cases involving joint negligence by AI service providers,car manufacturers,and drivers,the scope of criminal liability for negligence of AI service providers and car manufacturers should be limited by referring to the elements of traffic offense liability.