美国定向行走课程标准解析及启示——以威斯康辛州为例

Analysis and Implications of Orientation and Mobility Curriculum Standards in the United States:A Case Study of Wisconsin

定向行走的课程标准对于定向行走教学至关重要。教育部于2016年制订了盲校义务教育的定向行走课程标准,该标准已指导实践7年,后续可能面临修订。我国对于国外的定向行走标准了解阙如,为此,本研究系统介绍了美国威斯康辛州的定向行走课程标准——《定向行走的职业、大学和社区准备标准》,该标准是在其基于标准的课程改革背景下制定的,代表了美国在定向行走课程标准领域的最新成果,该标准具有突出多学科融合、实施操作性强、对接普通学生发展、服务对象范围全面等特点。基于此,文章对我国定向行走课程标准改革提出了加强定向行走课程标准研究、融入跨学科学习理念、突出学科素养培养、加强课标内容连贯操作性、提升标准服务对象要求和范围等5点建议。

Orientation and Mobility(O&M)is one of the essential skills for students with visual impairment.The O&M curriculum standards are crucial for the curriculum and teaching of O&M.China formulated the O&M curriculum standards for visually impaired students in 2016,based on which textbooks were compiled and O&M teaching was conducted in the field of visually impaired education.The standards have been in operation for seven years and may face subsequent revisions.However,China lacks understanding of foreign O&M standards.Therefore,this study systematically introduces the Wisconsin Orientation and Mobility Standards-Orientation and Mobility Career,College and Community Readiness(CCCR)Standards,which were developed under the background of standards-based curriculum reform in the United States and represent the latest achievements in the field of O&M curriculum standards in the United States.This standard prominently features an interdisciplinary learning philosophy,fostering students'subject literacy;emphasize practical application of curriculum content,ensuring coherence and operability in implementation;stress the alignment with the development of typically developing students,expecting high-level growth for visually impaired students;and prioritize a broad and comprehensive scope of service recipients,reflecting the characteristics of educational fairness.This article analyzes the background,structural content,and characteristics of Wisconsin's O&M Standards,and proposes four suggestions for improving China's O&M teaching:strengthening research on O&M Curriculum Standards,integrating an interdisciplinary learning philosophy,enhancing the coherence and operability of curriculum content,and elevating the requirements and scope of service recipients for the standards.