肿瘤新抗原在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用研究进展

Research progress of neoantigens in tumor immunotherapy

肿瘤新抗原是由肿瘤特异性突变基因编码产生的抗原,具有高度特异性、显著外源性、突变随机性、分布集落性和基因突变相关性。这类抗原由于未受胸腺的阴性筛选,被T细胞识别为“异类”,不易受免疫耐受机制的影响且具有强免疫原性,是较好的免疫治疗靶点。肿瘤新抗原可用于制备治疗性疫苗,诱导培养靶向性更强的T淋巴细胞,用于肿瘤生存预后和免疫检查点封锁疗法应答的预测,在肿瘤诊断和治疗中的应用前景广阔。本文综述了近年来基于肿瘤新抗原免疫治疗的临床应用研究进展,并展望了未来的相关研究方向。

Tumor neoantigens are antigens encoded by tumor-specific mutated genes,characterized by high specificity,significant exogenous origin,mutation randomness,clonal distribution and correlation with gene mutation.Because these antigens are not negatively screened by the thymus and recognized by T cells as"heterogeneous".They are less easily affected by the immune tolerance mechanism and exhibit strong immunogenicity,making them excellent targets for immunotherapy.Tumor neoantigens can be used to develop therapeutic vaccines,induce and cultivate T cells with stronger targeting capabilities,and are promising for predicting tumor survival prognosis and responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapies.This review summarizes the recent advances in clinical application of tumor neoantigen-based immunotherapy,and prospects for future research directions.