从统计数据看中国农村语言生活的发展

The Evolution of Language Life in Rural China:A Statistical Data Perspective

利用国家有关部门发布的全国性、连续性调查数据,结合现有的关于农村社会语言的局部研究,可以对中国农村的社会形势和语言生活进行全面的研判。数据显示,改革开放以来,中国农村社会正在由传统向现代转型。在人口方面,农村人口比重已经低于城镇人口,农村人口数量仍在减少,且地区不平衡;在农业发展方面,农业产值与农业人员比重均已远低于第二、第三产业,农村劳动力由农业向其他产业转移,形成了庞大的农民工群体,促进了农村的社会分化,推动了传统农业的升级或新型农业的兴起;在农村社区方面,由于人口向城镇集中,社区重组频发,村、乡的数量急剧减少,镇的数量显著增加,农村社区由自然形成的共同体形态向政府规划的社区形态转变。这一现代转型深刻影响着农村语言生活。一些原有的语言现象正在消失,如各地的传统农业词汇正被人们遗忘,某些汉语方言与少数民族语言正陷入濒危,亟待抢救;一些新的语言现象正在发生,如少数民族社区的双语化倾向,汉语方言的自创性演变正在减弱,亟待关注;一些语言问题即将出现,如新生代农民语言能力的提升,乡镇重组对当地语言治理、语言服务提出的新要求,亟待规划。深入研究中国农村急遽变化的语言生活,不仅是中国社会语言学走向世界之所需,也是助力中国乡村振兴之所需。

By using the national and continuous survey data released by relevant Chinese authorities,in combination with existing local research on rural sociolinguistics,a comprehensive assessment of the social situation and language life in rural China can be conducted.The data indicate that,since the Reform and Opening-up,China's rural society has been undergoing a transformation from traditional to modern structures.In terms of population trend,the proportion of rural population has fallen below that of urban population,and continues to decline,with significant regional disparities.In terms of agricultural development,the proportion of agricultural output and labor force has decreased significantly compared to the secondary and tertiary industries.The rural labor force has increasingly shifted from agriculture to other industries,forming a large group of migrant workers.This shift has contributed to the social differentiation of rural areas and facilitated either the upgrading of traditional agriculture or the emergence of new agricultural models.With respect to rural communities,the population concentration in urban areas has led to frequent reorganization of rural communities.The number of villages and townships has sharply decreased,while the number of towns has grown significantly.Consequently,rural communities are transitioning from natural communities to government-planned communities.This process of modern transformation has had a profound impact on rural language life.Some traditional language phenomena are gradually disappearing.For instance,traditional agricultural vocabulary is being lost,and some Chinese dialects and minority languages are being endangered and require urgent preservation efforts.Simultaneously,new linguistic phenomena are emerging,such as increased bilingualism in ethnic minority communities,while the self-productive evolution of Chinese dialects is weakening,necessitating immediate attention.Additionally,potential language problems are on the horizon,including the need to enhance the language ability of the new generation of farmers,and address the language governance and service requirements stemming from township restructuring.An in-depth investigation into the rapidly changing language life in rural China is not only essential for advancing Chinese sociolinguistics on a global level,but also crucial for supporting China's rural revitalization.