鸡MHC分子限制性禽流感病毒CD8^(+)T细胞表位研究进展

Research Progress on CD8^(+)T Cell Epitopes of Chicken MHC Molecular-restricted Avian Influenza Virus

禽流感是威胁家禽养殖业和人类公共卫生安全的重要动物呼吸道疾病。疫苗接种是防控禽流感的有效手段,传统灭活疫苗主要通过诱导体液免疫产生针对病毒表面蛋白的中和抗体来抑制病毒复制。然而,由于病毒抗原表位频繁变异,使得疫苗株与流行株不匹配,且部分禽流感病毒单纯依靠体液免疫无法达到清除性免疫。细胞免疫是抵抗病毒感染的重要免疫反应,MHCⅠ分子递呈病毒T细胞表位是激活CD8^(+)T细胞免疫应答的关键环节,了解鸡MHCⅠ分子递呈的具有免疫活性的CTL表位有助于新型疫苗的设计及其细胞免疫效果评价。目前已鉴定的鸡MHCⅠ递呈禽流感病毒CTL表位数据较少,难以确定关键的免疫显性表位。并且,鸡MHCⅠ分子具有高度多态性,不同类型鸡MHCⅠ分子结构存在细微差异,导致其对病毒抗原有不同的结合偏好,进一步加大了鸡CTL表位的鉴定难度。文章综述了鸡MHC分子特征、MHCⅠ分子对禽流感病毒的重要性、现有T细胞表位研究方法及应用,为鸡MHCⅠ分子限制性T细胞表位的鉴定方法及禽流感表位疫苗的研发设计提供理论依据。

Avian influenza is a significant respiratory disease that threatens both the poultry industry and human public health safety.Vaccination is an effective means of preventing and controlling avian influenza.Traditional inactivated vaccines inhibit virus replication primarily by inducing humoral immunity to produce neutralizing antibodies against the virus surface proteins.However,due to frequent variations in viral epitopes,vaccine strains often do not match the circulating epidemic strains.Additionally,humoral immunity alone is insufficient to achieve complete immune clearance for certain avian influenza viruses.Cellular immunity is a crucial response to viral infections.The presentation of viral T cell epitopes(CTL epitopes)by MHCⅠmolecules is essential for activating CD8^(+)T cell immune responses.Recognizing the CTL epitopes presented by chicken MHCⅠmolecules is beneficial for designing vaccines and evaluating cellular immune effects.At present,there is currently limited identification data on chicken MHCⅠ-presented avian influenza virus CTL epitopes,making it difficult to determine the key immunodominant epitopes.Moreover,chicken MHCⅠmolecules are highly polymorphic with slight structural differences among different types,leading to varying binding preferences for viral antigens,which further complicates the identification of chicken CTL epitopes.This review summarized the characteristics of chicken MHC molecules,the importance of MHCⅠin avian influenza virus,and the current methods and applications of T cell epitope research,which provided a theoretical basis for the identification methods of chicken MHCⅠ-restricted T cell epitopes and the development and design of avian influenza epitope vaccines in the future.