论信息权——知识产权、数据权益与精神性人格权的统一

On the Right to Information:The Unification of Intellectual Property Rights,Data Rights,and Personality Rights

知识产权与数据权益之客体均为信息,两种权利具有高度契合性,创新性并非数据权益成为知识产权的阻碍。财产利益和精神利益是主观利益分类,可共存于任何客体上,因此精神性人格权客体并非“精神利益”,而是与人之身份有关的各种信息。精神性人格权与知识产权中的标记相关权利高度近似,并有历史渊源。同时,现有概念的知识产权和商品化权均侧重财产权益,人格权又仅仅侧重精神权益,缺乏既统一客体又统括财产权益和精神权益的概念,信息权为适宜的选择。信息权概念优于无形财产权,后者无法统括精神权益,且将知识产权与无定形客体上的物权及财产性制度建构混为一谈。信息权与物权相对,将令民法学理论和民法典之形式理性更加完善。

Both intellectual property rights(IPRs)and rights and interests on data share information as their object,leading to a highly homogeneous relationship between them,and innovativeness is not the obstacle preventing data rights from being IPRs.Property interests and spiritual interests are categories of subjective interests that can coexist in any object,meaning the object of spiritual personality rights is not"spiritual interest"per se,but rather various pieces of information related to a person's identity.Personality rights are highly similar to the rights of marks in IPRs,and have historical links to each other.At the same time,the existing concepts of IPRs and merchandizing rights both focus on property rights,while personality rights only focus on spiritual rights,resulting in a lack of a concept that unifies both property rights and spiritual rights under a single object.The concept of the right to information is a suitable solution.It is a better choice than the concept of intangible property rights which cannot cover spiritual rights and tend to conflate IPRs to intangible things and property-based systems.The concept of the right to information,which is opposed to the right in rem,will further improve the formal rationality both of civil law theory and the Civil Code.