特异形放射性表面污染物无包装运输安全及监管的思考

Consideration on the Safety and Supervision of Special-shaped Radioactive Surface Contaminated Object in Unpacked Transport

目的为我国未来推进核设施退役中特大异形污染设备无包装运输中的安全整备与监管提供借鉴。方法梳理了IAEA最新技术标准和导则中对放射性表面污染物(SCO)无包装运输的规定和要求,借鉴了德国和法国在这方面的先行实践经验,结合我国现有核安全监管的相似要求,对外包装运输涉及的源项评定、整备与验证、监管与评价等方面进行探讨。结果IAEA在最新发布标准中首次提出的特大异形表面污染物(SCO-Ⅲ)定义对我国的相关实践有非常好的指导意义。但如何在我国将其纳入监管并获得实践仍需要在技术及管理方面作进一步的细化研究。结论我国应尽快开展对现有法规标准的修订,补充对SCO-Ⅲ无包装运输的监管及技术要求,建议对SCO-Ⅲ采用特殊安排下装运的许可方式,以提高其运输安全性。

The work aims to provide reference for the safety preparation and supervision of super large special-shaped contaminated equipment in unpacked transport in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities in China in the future.The regulations and requirements for unpacked transportation of super large surface contaminated objects(SCO)in relevant IAEA standards and technical guidelines were sorted out,and the practical experience of Germany and France was fully discussed.The assessment,preparation and verification,supervision and evaluation of pollution source items involved in the outer pack were discussed in accordance with Chinese existing nuclear safety supervision requirements.The definition of super large special-shaped surface contaminated objects(SCO-III)proposed for the first time in the latest IAEA standards was of great guiding significance for China's subsequent practice.However,how to incorporate it into China's nuclear safety supervision and obtain practice still required further detailed research in terms of technology and management.The revision of existing regulatory standards for SCO-III should be carried out as soon as possible in China,while regulatory and technical requirements should be supplemented for unpacked transport of SCO-III.It is recommended to adopt special arrangement for the licensing of SCO-III shipments to improve the transport safety.