中间品进口、地理集聚与出口复杂度提升

Intermediate input imports,geographical agglomeration,and export sophistication enhancement

探究中间品进口对我国下一阶段产业政策调整有深刻影响,从现实来看,企业地理集聚具有二重性特征。为了明确进口地理集聚对企业出口复杂度提升的作用机理,文章以开发区作为地理集聚单元,通过对企业经纬度定位确定企业所在园区,主要从同产品进口集聚、相关产品进口集聚和差异化产品进口集聚三种不同地理集聚模式探究企业演化路径与出口复杂度提升。在机制方面,从产品进口价格、进口多元化和贸易不确定性冲击三个维度探讨进口地理集聚对企业出口复杂度的影响机制。研究表明:在地理集聚模式上,同产品进口集聚仅在经济发展初期有效果;相关产品进口集聚和差异化产品进口集聚对企业出口复杂度具有正向影响,但相关产品进口集聚容易形成“低端锁定”。在地理集聚演化上,同产品进口集聚在企业发展初期通过降低企业信息搜寻成本、产生地区规模效应等促进企业出口复杂度提升,而发展到成熟阶段的企业则需摆脱地区同质化束缚,通过相关产品进口集聚和差异化产品进口集聚提升出口复杂度;此外,中国各地区发展模式差异明显,发达地区企业主要以差异化产品进口集聚来提升出口复杂度,而追赶地区仍通过学习和模仿来提升出口复杂度。在地理集聚机制上,同产品进口集聚能够通过信息传导机制降低企业进口价格,而相关产品进口集聚与差异化产品进口集聚则通过新产品进口提高出口复杂度,同时能够缓解外部市场不确定性冲击。随着中国经济的稳步发展,进口的多样性成为企业发展的核心要素,打造上下游产业相互依托、有核心竞争力的空间集聚形态是中国企业高质量发展的突破。据此,提出以下政策建议:进一步推动和完善我国的对外开放政策,积极主动扩大进口,打开对外开放新局面;进一步完善产业间协同与创新系统,提升产业链、供应链的完整性,强化产业链对国内大循环的支撑能力;积极破除区域间的行政壁垒,促进资源和要素的自由流动,引导不同地区企业间的信息交流,发挥技术、创新、管理等溢出效应,为提高产业空间集聚的技术相关度打下良好的市场基础。

Exploring the intermediate input imports has a profound impact on China’s industrial policy adjustment in the next stage.From a practical point of view,the geographical agglomeration of enterprises has a dual characteristic.To clarify the mechanism by which import geographical agglomeration enhances the export sophistication,the article uses development zones as geographical agglomeration units and determines the park where the enterprise is located by positioning its longitude and latitude.The article mainly explores the evolution path of enterprises and the increase in export sophistication from three different geographical agglomeration modes:import agglomeration of the same products,import agglomeration of related products,and import agglomeration of differentiated products.The results indicate that:(1)In terms of geographical agglomeration mode,the same product import agglomeration only has an effect in the early stages of economic development.The agglomeration of related product imports and differentiated product has positive impact on export sophistication,but the agglomeration of related products can easily form a low-end lock-in.(2)In terms of geographical agglomeration evolution,the same product import agglomeration enhances export sophistication by reducing information search costs and generating regional scale effects in the early stages of enterprise development.However,enterprises in the mature stage need to break free from the constraints of regional homogenization and further enhance export sophistication through related and differentiated product import agglomeration.Otherwise,there are significant differences in the development models of different regions in China.Developed region enterprises mainly rely on differentiated product import agglomeration to enhance export sophistication,while catch-up regions still enhance export sophistication through learning and imitation.(3)In terms of geographical agglomeration mechanism,import agglomeration of the same product mainly enhances export sophistication by reducing the price of import inputs through information transmission mechanisms,while import agglomeration of related and differentiated products enhances export sophistication through promoting import diversification,which also alleviates trade uncertainty shocks.With the steady development of the Chinese economy,the diversity of imports has become a core element of enterprise development.Creating a spatial agglomeration form where upstream and downstream industries rely on each other and have core competitiveness is a breakthrough in the high-quality development of Chinese enterprises.Based on this,the following policy suggestions are proposed:further improve China’s open policy,actively expand imports,and open up a new situation of opening up to the outside world;further improve the inter industry collaboration and innovation system,improve the integrity of the industrial chain and supply chain,and strengthen the support capacity of the industrial chain for domestic systemic circulation;actively break down the administrative barriers between regions,promote the free flow of resources and factors,guide the information exchange between enterprises in different regions,give play to the spillover effects of technology,innovation,management,etc.,and lay a good market foundation for improving the technological relevance of industrial spatial agglomeration.