鲁迅之善恶判断与尼采的伦理观念

Lu Xun's Judgement of Good and Evil,and Nietzsche's Ethical Concepts

清末民初,鲁迅因心态上的“绝望”,对旧有伦理准则产生怀疑,传统的善变成了恶,而习俗的恶则变成了善。这一善恶的价值重置,源自尼采的“重估一切价值”对传统伦理观念的颠覆。鲁迅揭示了“看客”“奴才式的破坏者”“合群的自大者”这些类型的“平庸之恶”,对“国民性”的“弱点”起到刮骨疗毒功效。鲁迅进而揭示了令人更为惊惧恐怖的传统习俗之“恶”,它不但形成外在伦理法规,还潜移默化为“集体无意识”,渗入国民的精神内里,即构成“无主名无意识的杀人团”,它杀人不见血迹,夺魂不见影踪,如同“铁屋”般笼罩着你。鲁迅这一反陈规旧习的善恶判断,深隐着尼采反世俗的愤激与颠覆性的伦理叛逆。

During the late Qing and early Republican periods,Lu Xun,driven by a profound sense of despair,began to question the established ethical principles of his time.In his view,what was traditionally considered good became evil,while conventional evil took on the semblance of good.This reversal of values was influenced by Nietzsche's concept of the“revaluation of all values”,which challenged and overturned traditional ethical concepts.Lu Xun identified certain forms of the“banality of evil”,such as“spectators”,“servile saboteurs”and“arrogant conformists”,which highlighted the weaknesses in the national character and served as a remedy for them.He further exposed the more terrifying evil rooted in traditional customs,which not only established external moral laws but also permeated the collective unconscious,forming a“nameless,unconscious killing force.”This force,metaphorically encapsulated in the image of an“iron house,”suffocated the spirit and took lives without visible bloodshed.Lu Xun's judgment of good and evil,in its resistance to outdated conventions,subtly echoes Nietzsche's anti-secular indignation and his rebellious ethical stance.