论国家公园特许经营的合作规制——以民族地区国家公园为视角

On the Co-Regulation of National Park Concession——From the Perspective of National Parks in Minze Districts

特许经营是我国国家公园制度体系的重要内容,旨在加强生态环境保护的同时探索自然资源的合理利用。实践中,特许经营已在我国民族地区多个国家公园取得积极成效,但同时存在民族地区国家公园特许经营立法缺位、民族群体参与诉求无法实现、国家公园环境公共利益与私人利益日渐失衡等问题。传统规制模式尚不能化解民族地区国家公园特许经营的公私利益冲突,因此亟需引入合作规制理论重塑民族地区国家公园特许经营的规制目标、规制主体和规制工具。具体到合作规制路径上,应构造以《国家公园法》为中心、少数民族习惯规则等软法为辅助的多层次法律规范体系,建立多元主体共建共享的合作规制模式,并对特许经营协议进行优化,从而完善我国民族地区国家公园特许经营的相关制度设计。

Concession is an important part of China's national park system, which aims to explore the rational use of natural resources while protecting the environment. In practice, concession has achieved positive results in many national parks in China, but at the same time, there are some problems, such as the lack of legislation with regional characteristics in ethnic areas, the inability to realize the participation of ethnic groups, and the rigid top-down governance order. The traditional regulatory model can not resolve the conflict between public and private interests of concession of national parks in ethnic areas, and it is urgent to introduce cooperative regulatory theory to clarify the regulatory objectives, regulatory subjects and regulatory tools about the concession of national parks in ethnic areas. As for the path of co-regulation, we should construct a multi-level legal norm system centered on the national park law and supplemented by soft laws such as the customary rules of ethnic minorities, establish a Co-Regulation mode of multisubject co-construction and sharing, and optimize the concession agreement, so as to improve the design of concessionrelated system in national parks in China's ethnic areas.