香港地区公屋社区商业空间特征的研究与反思

Study and Reflection on the Spatial Features of Commercial Spaces in Hong Kong's Public Housing Communities

在特殊的殖民和城市化发展进程中,香港地区推行了一系列公屋计划来改善市民的居住环境,形成了独特的公屋发展模式和商业空间特征。然而在全球化和消费主义浪潮影响下,曾经在香港地区公屋社区发展中起重要作用的福利制度,因为面临贫富差距带来的社会风险加大和人口流动性增强带来的社会矛盾突出的双重压力,导致公屋社区商业面临绅士化等问题。笔者通过对香港地区公屋社区的研究总结了六类典型的公屋社区商业空间:传统街铺、大平台街铺、异域风情商业街、小型开放式商业综合体、大型封闭式商业综合体和开放商业街区,并通过分析不同特征商业空间所处时期的公屋计划,以及影响其制定与推行的政治、经济和社会因素,归纳了公屋社区商业空间的形态演变逻辑。研究发现:政策方面,公屋计划在不干预房地产市场的情况下通过推进公屋私有化有效缓解了住房短缺,虽面临商业绅士化的挑战,但通过政府管控与弹性制约、对私有化的底线界定和顶线约束或可实现满足低收入群体需求的福利目标;经济方面,公屋计划通过出售居屋获得公租房的发展资金,虽面临失去对售出公屋商业的价格管控,但通过公共部门与市场之间的权力转移和制约机制或可进行积极干预;社会联动方面,公屋计划通过提高小户型比例增加了公屋数量,虽面临社区老龄化的问题,但正在与社会组织积极努力实现福利空间与资本空间的制衡。以上困境与启示或可为其他城市与地区在福利房社区建设过程中避免商业空间绅士化、营造多元包容的社区商业提供经验借鉴。

In view of its colonial background and urbanization development process,Hong Kong region promoted a series of housing scheme to improve citizens' living conditions,forming unique public housing development patterns and commercial spatial features.Against the trends of globalization and consumerism,welfare systems used to play vital role in public housing community development,face unprecedented challenges(i.e.,social risks such as the aging community and the huge gap between the rich and the poor,and social contradictions such as strong population mobility and social apathy),making public housing face gentrification issues.Based on the investigation of public housing communities in Hong Kong region ,this study summarizes six commercial spaces,covering traditional street shops,roofdeck shops,exotic street shops,small-scale commercial complexes,large-scale commercial complexes and modern commercial street malls,and compares HK public housing schemes in different periods of time together with their influencing political,economic and social factors,aiming to generalize the logic of spatial pattern in public housing commercial facilities.We find that,in the policy aspect,public housing scheme relieved housing shortage through adding provision and state selective intervention and flexible control to against gentrification;in the financial aspect,public rental housing scheme acquired funding through selling subsidized housing,and public department could positively intervene with market force through power transferring and constraint mechanisms to against rising prices;in the social collaboration aspect,public housing scheme raised the proportion of small-size apartment to relieve housing shortage,and cooperated with social organizations to balance welfare and profitable commerce.This enlightenment tends to generate suggestions for cities and regions where undergoing welfare community development in dealing with gentrification of daily commercial space for achieving pluralistic and inclusive community environments.