马克思“机器论片段”语境下的数字技术再反思

Rethinking digital technology in the context of Marx's"fragment on machine"

马克思“机器论片段”重点论述了机器体系的产生及其在社会生产中的应用所引起的劳动资料技术化、一般智力对象化、固定资本扩大化、人机关系异化等一系列深刻变革。数字技术具有物质技术与社会历史双重属性,其一方面作为人造的“物体系”,克服与弥补人类自身劳动力的不足,另一方面作为生产关系与资本权力的物性表达。数字技术的广泛应用导致工业时代的“机器悖论”演化为数字时代的“智能悖论”,集中表现为“劳动悖论”“时间悖论”与“解放悖论”。马克思“机器论片段”的机器技术思想对我们在数字时代审思数字技术,探索扬弃技术的权力与宰制,消解人与技术的异化关系,使技术真正摆脱压迫、剥削人的工具地位,成为提高劳动生产率,缩短必要劳动时间和增加自由支配时间,促进人类劳动解放与自由全面发展的现实路径依然具有理论与实践价值。

Marx's"fragment on machine"focuses on a series of profound changes caused by the emergence of machine systems and their applications in social production,such as the technicalization of means of labor,the objectification of general intelligence,the expansion of fixed capitals,and the alienation of humanmachine relations.Digital technology has dual attributes of material technology and social history.On the one hand,it serves as an artificial"material system"to overcome and compensate for the shortage of human labor.On the other hand,it serves as a material expression of production relations and capital power.The widespread application of digital technology has led to the evolution of the"machine paradox"of the industrial era into the"intelligent paradox"of the digital era,which is mainly manifested as the"labor paradox",the"time paradox",and the"liberation paradox".In the digital era,the machine technology thought of Marx's"fragment on machine"is still of theoretical and practical value.For one thing,it can help to contemplate digital technology,explore the power and domination of sublating technology,dispel the alienated relationship between people and technology,and truly rid technology of its oppressive and exploitative tool status.For another,it can turn into a realistic path to improve labor productivity,shorten necessary labor time and increase discretionary time,as well as promote the liberation of human labor and free and comprehensive development.