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限缩法定犯适用的证明困境及其出路

The proof difficulty of restraining the application of mala prohibita and its resolution
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摘要 在法定犯时代,为避免刑法过度适用减损国家治理整体效果,刑法学界提出了司法限缩方案,希望通过激活违法性认识的适用、严格审查前置的违法性、实质判断法益侵害程度来实现出罪减责。上述主张忽略了司法证明对构成要件的反向制约作用。违法性认识证明困难,决定其应作为责任要素,而非故意要素。行政监管的专业性和复杂性决定了,片面强调司法认定的独立性,否定行政鉴定与行政认定证据资格,不具有现实性。应区分关于专门性问题的报告和行政机关处理决定或意见,对前者参照司法鉴定意见予以规制,将后者归入辅助资料。将个人法益受到侵害作为法定犯构罪的前提,与增设法定犯特别是抽象危险犯立法目的不相适应。抽象危险和具体损害,只有通过反向刑事推定方可建立可转换的联系,从而实现积极出罪。 In the era of mala prohibita,scholars of the criminal law put forward the judicial restraint in order to prevent the overapplication of criminal law from undermining the entire effect of national governance.It is expected to realize the mitigation or acquittal through the application of activating illegal cognition,the stringent review of illegality in the preposition,and the substantial judgement of the degree of infringement of legal interest.However,the above-mentioned claims ignore the reverse restraints imposed by the judicial proof on the constitutive elements.The difficulty in proving the illegal cognition determines that it should be treated as the responsibility element rather than the intent one.The professionalism and complexity of administrative supervision makes it impractical to exclude the forensic reports issued by administrative appraisal and administrative confirmation by means of the partial emphasis on the independence of judicial determination.Reports on technical problems and administrative decisions or opinions shall be treated differently.The former can be regulated with reference to the opinions of judicial expertise,and the latter the reference materials.The infringement of personal legal interest can be the precondition for the mala prohibita to constitute a crime,which is incompatible with the purpose of supplementing the mala prohibita,especially the legalization for the offender of abstract danger.Reverse criminal presumption is the only approach to establishing the convertible connection between abstract danger and concrete infringement so as to achieve the positive exempt from punishment.
作者 陈苏豪 CHEN Suhao(Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088,China)
出处 《海南大学学报(人文社会科学版)》 2025年第1期151-161,共11页 Journal of Hainan University (Humanities & Social Sciences)
基金 国家社会科学基金青年项目(21CFX029)。
关键词 刑法扩张 法定犯 构成要件 司法证明 证据规则 expansion of criminal law mala prohibita constitutive element judicial proof evidence rule
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