明清方志风俗志内容的构成、分布与历史成因——以浙江方志为中心

The Composition,Distribution,and Historical Origins of Customs Entries in Ming and Qing Local Chronicles:A Focus on Zhejiang Chronicles

风俗是方志内容的重要构成,风俗志是方志主要门目。明清方志风俗志内容主要由“习尚”“四礼”和“岁时”构成。“习尚”记载民风、习性、俗尚;“四礼”记载“冠婚丧祭”人生礼仪;“岁时”记载时令节庆活动。风俗内容主要分布于舆地志、风土志和风俗志,少数分布于纪事志、礼俗志等志门。风俗内容归于不同志门,反映了风俗内涵的丰富性以及修志者对风俗的不同认识。“习尚”“四礼”和“岁时”三者进入方志的时间与路径不同。“习尚”随风土志在宋元整体进入方志。“四礼”最晚在明初进入方志,永乐年间《家礼》提升为国家礼制并在地方广泛实施,是方志“四礼”书写的实践基础。“岁时”在明代普遍进入方志,形成书写共识,与明代岁时节日体系的完善及其广泛实施有密切关系,其著录与书写深受方志体例发展与《荆楚岁时记》等岁时专志的影响。

Customs are an important component of local chronicles,and the customs entries is one of the main categories within these chronicles.The customs entries in Ming and Qing local chronicles primarily consists of"Habits and Practices,""Four Rites,"and"Seasonal Festivals.""Habits and Practices"record local customs and behavioral norms;"Four Rites"document life rituals such as initiation,marriage,funerals,and sacrifices;and"Seasonal Festivals"capture time-related celebrations and activities.The content related to customs is mainly distributed across geographical records,local gazetteer records,and the customs section,with a few entries found in annals and records of rituals.The categorization of customs content into different sections reflects the richness of customs'connotations and the diverse understanding of customs by the compilers.The three categories-"Habits and Practices,""Four Rituals,"and"Seasonal Festivals"-entered local chronicles at different times and through various pathways."Habits and Practices"were integrated into local chronicles as early as the Song and Yuan Dynasties.The"Four Rites"were included in local chronicles no later than the early Ming Dynasty,with the"Family Rites"during the Yongle period elevated to a national ceremonial standard and widely implemented at the local level,serving as the practical foundation for the writing of the"Four Rites"in local chronicles."Seasonal Festivals"became commonly included in local chronicles during the Ming Dynasty,reflecting a consensus in writing and closely linked to the refinement of the seasonal festival system during that time and its widespread implementation.The documentation and writing of these festivals were also significantly influenced by the development of local chronicle formats and specialized records such as the"Jingchu Seasonal Records."