保守主义与卡特政府的联合国海洋法会议施压政策

Conservatism and the Carter Administration's UNCLOS III Policy of Pressing

在保守主义势力上升的国内政治背景下,为了打破第三次联合国海洋法会议在国际海底制度谈判上的僵局,卡特政府制定了坚持国际多边谈判,同时向第三世界施压的政策,以期在保住已谈妥的航行自由条款的同时,迫使七十七国集团在国际海底制度上接受美国的方案。这一施压政策主要包括两项互相补充、彼此加持的措施:一是以国会海底矿业立法为杠杆,推动国际海底问题谈判朝着美国希望的方向前进;二是制定并实施“航行自由计划”,以抗议过度海洋主张、展示美国捍卫航行和飞越权利的意志。《深海底床硬质矿产资源法》和“航行自由计划”是保守主义势力上升的产物,并反过来进一步强化了美国在联合国海洋法会议政策上的保守主义立场,推动着这一政策不断走向单边主义和利己主义。

In the domestic political context of rising conservatism,to break the deadlock of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS III)over differences between the United States and the Third World over the international seabed regime,the Carter Administration adopted a policy combining firm commitment to international negotiations with a multifaceted strategy to press the Group of 77 to accept the U.S.proposal on the international seabed regime while preserving the agreed terms for the protection of freedom of navigation.This policy of pressing mainly included two complementary and mutually supportive elements:the first was to use the legislation of seabed mining in Congress as a lever to push the international seabed negotiations towards the direction which the United States wants,the second was to develop and implement the“Freedom of Navigation Program”to protest excessive maritime claims and demonstrate the United States'will to defend the right of navigation and overfly.Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act and the“Freedom of Navigation Program”were the products of the rising strength of conservatism,which in turn further strengthened the conservative position of the United States'UNCLOS III policy and drove this policy towards unilateralism and egoism.