西方国家女性主义:国家观基础、理论内涵与内在局限

Western State Feminism:Foundational Perspectives on the State,Theoretical Connotations,and Inherent Limitations

西方国家女性主义是一种强调体制内外妇女的配合与互动,特别是妇女政策机构与妇女运动的合作共进的女性主义思想潮流、行动策略和理论体系。国家女性主义基于国家是中性的因而女性主义的行动者和利益诉求是有机会进入国家之内的基本假设,综合自由主义女性主义的国家中立论、北欧女性主义的女性友好国家论和后结构女性主义的多元竞逐场域论作为自身的国家观基础。经过多年发展,国家女性主义从松散概念进化到严谨经验研究,将焦点放在了妇女政策机构与妇女运动的关系上,将法团主义、民主与代表、新制度主义、社会运动理论等作为理论基础,形成了成熟的分析框架,为评估国家在推动妇女发展和性别平等方面的成效开辟了新路径。但受到国家与社会关系改变、新自由主义的崛起、交叉性视角等方面的影响,国家女性主义在西方面临多种挑战,以及关于体制化和忽视多样性的批评。国家女性主义也因其深层的西方背景和后殖民主义的拒斥而难以扩散到非西方国家,忽视其对阶级政治的遮蔽和背后的政治社会条件预设而将之应用于中国的做法,是对中国特色社会主义妇女发展道路的误读。

Western state feminism is a feminist ideological movement,action strategy,and theoretical framework that emphasizes the cooperation and interaction between women inside and outside the system,particularly the collaboration between women’s policy agencies and feminist movements.The fundamental assumption of state feminism is that the state is neutral,allowing feminist actors and interests to have opportunities to enter and influence state mechanisms.This theory integrates perspectives from liberal feminism’s state neutrality theory,Nordic feminism’s women-friendly state theory,and poststructuralist feminism’s pluralistic arena theory to form its foundational view of the state.Over years of development,state feminism has evolved from a loose concept into a rigorous empirical research field,focusing on the relationship between women’s policy agencies and feminist movements.Drawing from theories of corporatism,democracy and representation,new institutionalism,and social movement theory,state feminism has established a mature analytical framework that provides new pathways for evaluating the effectiveness of the state in promoting women’s development and gender equality.However,state feminism faces multiple challenges in the West,influenced by changes in state-society relations,the rise of neoliberalism,and critiques from intersectional perspectives.It has been criticized for institutionalization and for overlooking diversity.Additionally,state feminism’s deep roots in Western contexts and its rejection by postcolonial critiques make it difficult to be applied in non-Western countries.Attempts to apply state feminism in China,while ignoring its underlying assumptions about class politics and political-social conditions,misinterpret China’s unique path of socialist women’s development.