模式与路径:清末高等教育“突变式”演进探析——基于历史制度主义的视角分析

Mode and Path:An analysis of the"Abrupt"Evolution Of Higher Education in the Late Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Historical Institutionalism

我国传统的高等教育制度在清末短短数十年的时间中完成了“突变式”的近代化。基于历史制度主义的视角,清末中国高等教育近代化的历史演进分为“官学、书院—科举模式”“专门大学模式”“综合大学模式”以及“近代高等教育制度的确立”四个阶段;在变迁路径上,清末中国高等教育的近代化呈现“从路径依赖到路径突破”的特征,大学模式“由分到合”,教育体制“从无到有”;在动力机制上,战争是清末中国高等教育“突变式”近代化的直接诱因,西学东渐是清末中国高等教育“突变式”近代化的内源动力,派系斗争是清末中国高等教育“突变式”近代化的加速手段。

China's traditional higher education system completed the"mutation"modernization in just a few decades at the end of the Qing Dynasty.From the perspective of historical institutional-ism,the historical evolution of China's higher education modernization in the late Qing Dynasty was divided into four stages:"official school,academy-imperial examination model","special university model","comprehensive university model"and"the establishment of modern higher education sys-tem".On the path of change,the modernization of China's higher education in the late Qing Dynas-ty showed the characteristics of"from path dependence to path mutation",the university model"from division to combination",and the education system"from nonexistence to pass into exis-tence".In terms of power mechanism,war is the direct cause of the"mutation"modernization of China's higher education in the late Qing Dynasty,the eastward movement of Western learning is the internal power of the"mutation"modernization of China's higher education in the late Qing Dy-nasty,and factional struggle is the accelerated means of the"mutation"modernization of China's higher education.