自甘风险的逻辑与大众滑雪中行为人责任研究——基于2016~2020年滑雪相撞事故司法案例

Research on the Logic of Assumption of Risk and Actor Liability in Mass Skiing--Based on Judicial Cases of Skiing Collisions from 2016 to 2020

自《民法典》中“自甘风险”条款实施以来,在滑雪运动伤害事故的司法审判中产生了一些争论。通过对自甘风险原则及其在国际滑雪运动中的适用情况进行梳理,以及对2016~2020年我国大众滑雪相撞事故司法案例特征进行分析,发现自甘风险的逻辑是以强化行为人责任的方式降低风险实现的可能,但是自甘风险原则不应该适用于我国大众滑雪相撞事故。提出应明确我国《民法典》中“自甘风险”的立法背景、目的与界定;认识到大众滑雪运动不同于一般文体活动;大众滑雪相撞事故更类似于“汽车追尾”事故;我国大众滑雪者缺乏“自甘”风险的认知基础;滑雪相撞事故中适用“自甘风险”有违立法初衷,并针对我国大众滑雪相撞事故司法问题给予一定优化建议。旨在通过构建更好的法律环境、社会环境增进大众体育参与,从法律层面助力我国冰雪运动长远发展。

Since the implementation of the“assumption of risk”provision in the Civil Code,there has been some controversy in the judicial trial of skiing accidents.By analyzing the principle of self-induced risk and its application in international skiing sports,as well as the characteristics of judicial cases of mass skiing collisions in China from 2016 to 2020,it is found that the logic of self-induced risk is to reduce the possibility of risk realization by strengthening the responsibility of the perpetrator,but the principle of self-induced risk should not be applied to mass skiing collisions in China.It is proposed that the legislative background,purpose and definition of“assumption of risk”in China's Civil Code should be clarified;it is recognized that mass skiing is different from general sports and cultural activities;mass skiing collisions are more similar to“rear-end”accidents;mass skiers in China lack the cognitive basis of“assumption of risk”;and the application of“assumption of risk”in skiing collisions is against the legislative intent.The aim is to enhance the participation of the public in sports by building a better legal and social environment,and to help the long-term development of ice and snow sports in China from the legal level.