因果信念的三重批判:多元主义新解释及生态学依据

Criticisms on Causal Belief: Novel Interpretation with Pluralism and Evidences from Ecological Science

因果信念始终是哲学的重要问题,也是科学与科学哲学的基本问题,以亚里士多德的物理学因果矩阵为起点,长期嬗变形成了一元决定论的古典存在论、概率论的近代认识论和证伪主义的当代方法论特点。但多元主义新解释主张生物世界中的因果实则是一个开放、动态、可逆的结构并获得了生态学研究的证据支持。多元主义新解释在存在论上强调多元、双向和多重的特点;在认识论上重视相关性、不可重复、部分原因和多阶(间接)的科学说明且不完全认同概率论,在方法论上主张基于可能世界理论的溯因法并进而批判证伪主义的不完备而倡导跨学科方法的“怎样都行”。由此提出新因果矩阵,并认为多元主义为物理世界和生物世界的因果信念统一提供了新可能。

Causal belief remains a pivotal philosophical problem and a fundamental question in the field of science and philosophy of science.Drawing upon the Aristotelian framework of physical causality and its historical evolution,the conventional understanding of causal belief is characterized by a blend of the classical existentialism of mono-decision,the modern epistemology of probability and the contemporary methodology of falsificationism.However,a novel pluralistic interpretation insists that the causality with biological world is actually an open,dynamic and reversible structure,supported by evidences from studies of ecological science.In the aspect of existentialism,the interpretation emphasizes the existence of it with the diverse,bidirectional and multiple features.In the aspect of epistemology,it prioritizes scientific explanation of correlation,non-replication,partial causation and multi-orders,and does not completely accept probabilism.While in the aspect of methodology,it advocates a trans-disciplinary claim that‘anything goes’with the basis on theory of possible world and the criticism on falsificationism.Therefore,a new causal matrix is proposed in this paper and it is possible to unify the causal beliefs between physical and biological worlds with the novel interpretation with pluralism.