权力的谱系——福柯论档案与现代 统治模式的起源

The Genealogy of Power:Foucault's Theory on the Relationship Between Archives and the Origin of Modern Governance Model

福柯对底层阶级档案与现代性关系的深刻分析,是档案学在人文研究导向和后现代思考语境下无法绕过的思想。在《无名者的生平》这篇同名档案汇编导言,也是他二十余年档案研究的唯一总结中,福柯不仅解释了从理论分析到文献汇编的档案研究转向,强调了“让档案自己说话”的原则;而且将17-18世纪巴士底狱无名之辈的档案引入“权力-话语(知识)”关系谱系的历史反思中,推进了《规训与惩罚》中对档案与社会权力结构的探讨,从而完整回答了档案与现代统治模式起源的关系。无名之辈的档案是苦难挑战荣耀的一个样本,也是权力干预底层生命的一个起点。17世纪末王印监禁文书的盛行使一种隶属行政管理的档案权力技术取代了基督教的自我坦白技术,孕育了一种通过话语掌控日常生活的微观权力机制,并在18世纪末的法国档案工作改革后逐渐发展为通过知识征服人,进而治理社会的现代规训统治模式。福柯对档案的深刻思考有助于研究者从范式创新视角建立一种事件化档案观、从社会学人文视角深入底层社会、从思想史批判视角反思西方现代话语限度。

Foucault's profound analysis of the relationship between the archives of the underclass and modernity cannot be bypassed by archival science in the context of humanistic orientation and postmodern thinking.In the introduction to the compilation of archives of the same name in Lives of Infamous Men,which is also the only summary of his over twenty years of archival research,Foucault not only explains a shift from analysis to compilation in archival research,emphasizes the principle of"letting archives speak for themselves",but also introduces the archives of infamous men in the Bastille from the 17th to 18th centuries into the historical reflection of the genealogy of"power-discourse/knowledge",advancing the exploration of archives and social power structure in Discipline and Punishment,thus fully answering the relationship between archives and the origin of the modern governance model.The archives of infamous men are not only a sample of misery challenging glory,but also a starting point for power to intervene in the lives of the underclass.With the widespread use of lettres de cachet in the late 17th century,the disciplinary technique of archive under administration replaced the technique of confession,giving birth to a micro power mechanism that controlled daily life through discourse,and gradually developed into a modern disciplinary governance model that conquers people through knowledge,thereby governing society after the archival reform in France in the late 18th century.Foucault's contemplation on archives helps researchers to establish an event-based view of archive from the innovative perspective of paradigm,to delve into China's bottom society from the humanistic perspective of sociology,and reflect on the limitations of Western modern discourse from a critical perspective of ideological history.