清中后期禁抑职业女戏论析

Analysis of the Suppression of Professional Xiqu Actresses in the Mid-Late Qing Dynasty

就职业戏班演员的性别构成而言,明、清二代具有较大的差异。明代职业戏班依据市场需求自由组建男班、女班、男女合班,官方对此不干涉。清代中、后期职业男戏一如既往的盛行,而职业女戏连同女性观剧都受到了来自朝廷大臣、地方官乃至民间缙绅的联合抑制,一度衰歇沉寂。清代统治阶级对于职业女戏的控制大致经历了:顺、康、雍三朝的由宽趋严;乾隆朝对职业女戏的全面禁抑,并为嘉庆、道光朝所沿袭,但效果不及乾隆朝;咸丰、同治朝以降对职业女戏及女性观戏的限制日渐松动。直到民国时期,职业女戏和女性观戏才全面解禁。以往学界对于清代女戏的探讨存在的不足有:其一,有学者将清乾隆朝禁止职业女戏视为整个清代都禁止职业女戏,或想当然认为禁止职业女戏源于雍正帝打压戏曲;其二,有学者未能将清代禁抑职业女戏与听任家班女戏相区分,视乾隆朝禁抑职业女戏为禁止所有女戏;其三,有学者将乾隆以降职业女戏的不振误认为业已绝迹。以上诸种对于清代职业女戏的偏颇认识,较大地阻碍了清代戏曲史研究的深入开展。

There were significant differences in the gender composition of professional Xiqu troupes between the Ming and Qing dynasties.In the Ming dynasty,professional Xiqu troupes freely formed male,female,or mixed-gender groups based on market demand,with no official interference.In contrast,In the mid to late Qing dynasty,while professional actors continued to flourish,professional actresses,along with female audience,was suppressed by court officials,local authorities,and even civilian gentry,leading to a period of decline and silence.The Qing ruling class's control over professional actresses roughly followed a trajectory from leniency to strictness during the Shunzhi,Kangxi,and Yongzheng reigns,culminating in a comprehensive ban during the Qianlong reign,which was continued,though less effectively,during the Jiaqing and Daoguang reigns.Restrictions on professional actresses and female audience gradually relaxed from the Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns onwards.It was not until the Republican period that professional actresses and female audience were fully liberated.Previous academic discussions on Qing dynasty female performances have some shortcomings.First,some scholars have mistakenly assumed that the Qianlong ban on professional actresses extended throughout the entire Qing dynasty or that it originated with Emperor Yongzheng's suppression of Xiqu.Second,some scholars failed to distinguish between the suppression of professional actresses and the tolerance of private household actresses,considering the Qianlong ban as a prohibition of all Xiqu actresses.Third,some scholars mistakenly believed that professional female performances ceased after the Qianlong reign,rather than just being in decline.These misconceptions have significantly hindered the in-depth study of Qing dynasty Xiqu history.