美国亚太安全架构网络化:战略工具、内在限度与中国应对

Networking of U.S.Security Architecture in Asia-Pacific:Strategic Instruments,Inher⁃ent Limitations,and China's Response

随着美国霸权护持需求与联盟秩序维持功能之间的不相符问题日益突出,美国通过支点国家、军事存在和安全制度三大战略工具持续推动亚太安全架构的网络化。这一复合网络包括以盟友为核心、伙伴为辅助的盟伴体系,以军事基地、武器装备和联合军演为主要形式的防御体系,以及以双边安全为主导、多边安全为补充的制度体系。然而,这一网络化进程存在限度,难以实现扁平化、联盟化和高度制度化的“整体网络”。在美国战略需求与多元威胁矛盾加剧的背景下,美国亚太安全架构的网络化进程受到网络与等级的结构性冲突、小多边主义的制度设计缺陷、东亚地缘环境特性以及美国国内财政与决策机制的限制。对此,中国可以通过楔子战略分化美国的盟伴体系,通过制度供给削弱美国的小多边安全制度体系,通过规范塑造抑制美国安全网络的整合,通过成本转嫁加剧美国的战略执行压力,从而有效阻滞美国亚太安全架构的网络化趋势。

As the mismatch grows more pronounced between the US'needs in sustaining its hegemony and the alliance's order maintenance function,the U.S.has been continuously pro⁃moting the networking of its security architecture in the Asia-Pacific through three strategies:pivotal states,military presence,and security institutions.This composite security network includes an alliance-partner system with allies at its core and partners in supplementary posi⁃tion,a defense system primarily based on military bases,weaponry,and joint military exercises,as well as an institutional system characterized by bilateral security cooperation supplemented by multilateral security cooperation.However,this networking process faces inherent limita⁃tions and struggles to achieve a“comprehensive network”that is flat,aligned,and highly insti⁃tutionalized.In the midst of the escalating contradictions between the U.S.strategic needs and diverse security threats,the networking of the U.S.security architecture in the Asia-Pacific is constrained by hierarchical structural conflicts,institutional design flaws in mini-lateralism,geopolitical characteristics of East Asia,and domestic fiscal and decision-making constraints within the U.S.In response,China can effectively counter the U.S.networking in the Asia-Pacific by employing wedge strategies to divide the U.S.alliance-partner system,offering institutional alternatives to weaken the U.S.'mini-lateral security institutional system,shaping norms to inhibit the integration of the U.S.security network,and shifting costs to increase the strategic execution pressure on the U.S.