查慎行图学思想探析

On Zha Shenxing's Study of Hetu and Luoshu

查慎行早年受业于黄宗羲,其《易》著以批判反思图书学为显著特点。其图学思想最有新意的地方,集中于对《河图》和先天图、后天图的反思批判上。首先,他一面否定圣人则图画卦的理论,一面又主张河图与揲蓍关系密切,提出了“《河图》之数,圣人因之以用蓍”的观点。其次,查慎行立足《说卦》文本,辨析八卦相错之说,断言“八卦无所谓先天后天,只有对待流行之理”,邵雍的先天八卦方位说背离了《易》之本义。他从阴阳对待与流行的角度出发,消解了先天学存在的意义。相较于激进地抨击宋代图书之学的浙东易学家们,查慎行采取的是一种折中调和的做法。他的图学思想,在一定意义上调解、缓和了清初考据学派反对图书学与认同图书学之间的矛盾冲突。

Zha Shenxing(1650-1727)learned from Huang Zongxi(1610-1695)in his early years,and his book is characterized by critical reflection on studies of Hetu(Yellow River Chart)and Luoshu(Luo River Diagram).The most innovative aspect of his study is focused on the reflection and criticism of Hetu,the Former Heaven diagram and the Later Heaven diagram.First,he denied the theory of the sages imitating Hetu to draw trigrams,while advocating for a close relationship between Hetu and the operation of the milfoil stalks.He put forward the viewpoint that“the number of Hetu is used by the sage as a basis for the operation of the milfoil stalks”.Second,based on the text of Shuogua(Explaining the Trigrams),Zha Shenxing analyzed the theory of the Eight Trigrams are opposite in pairs and asserted that“the problem of Eight Trigrams are Former Heaven or Later Heaven does not exist actually,only the principles of opposing and circulating exist”.Shao Yong's(1012-1077)theory of the Eight Trigrams'Positions of the Former Heaven deviates from the original meaning of the Book of Changes.He deconstructed the significance of the existence of Former Heaven scholarship from the perspective of opposing and circulating yin-yang forces.Compared with the zhedong(a school of tradition Chinese scholarship with scholars mostly from Zhejiang province)Yi scholars who radically criticized the studies of Hetu and Luoshu of the Song Dynasty(960-1279),Zha Shenxing adopted a compromise approach.His thought,to a certain extent,mediated and eased the conflict between the opposition trend and recognition trend of the scholarship of Hetu and Luoshu of the philological school in early Qing dynasty(1644-1912).