朱熹与王阳明论万物一体的两种方式——以《易传》《礼记》中的“天地之心”为基础

Difference between Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming in Discussing the Unity of All Things:Based on the“Heart of Heaven and Earth”in Yi zhuan and Record of Ritual

朱熹与王阳明基于对天地之心的不同理解,呈现了论万物一体的两种方式。在宇宙宏观视角下,朱熹承《易传》而以“生物”为天地之心,以“天地之生生”为人性之仁的价值来源,经由“仁性爱情”的体用关系,最终达至博爱万物的一体境界。对他而言,万物一体是在人的天地生物之心最广泛的发用,其虽有本体宇宙论基础,但本身并非本体宇宙论问题,而是价值论问题。从人的主体视角出发,阳明借《礼记》而以“人”为天地之心,以“人心之感通”为仁民爱物的价值依据,重视对万物的真切恻隐,而在本然与应然两个层面指点痛痒相关的与物同体。在他眼中,万物一体也以价值论为主要论域,凸显了人这一天地之心的感通能力对于同感万物苦乐、通达万物价值的必要性。朱熹和王阳明论万物一体时的诸种异见,可归为视角差异。二者视角虽殊,但同样强调人对万物的道德情感和人与万物的价值关联。其间异同启示今人,生态伦理学中“人类中心”与“非人类中心”的区分,或可通过“是否以人类为视域中心”来获得新解。

Based on different understandings of the heart of Heaven and Earth,Zhu Xi(1130-1200)and Wang Yangming(1472-1529)present two approaches to illustrating the concept of oneness.From a broad cosmic perspective,Zhu Xi identifies“sheng wu”(produce things)as the heart of Heaven and Earth,drawing inspiration from the Yi zhuan(Commentaries on the Changes).He considers“sheng sheng(producing and reproducing)of Heaven and Earth”as the value source of ren(benevolence)within human nature,through the relationship of ontology and function between“ren is human nature and love is emotion”,ultimately leading to a state of oneness characterized by love for all things.For Zhu Xi,the unity of all things is the most widely manifested function of heaven-and-earth's heart of producing things in the hearts of human beings.Although it has a foundation in ontological cosmology,it is not a problem of ontological cosmology itself,but an issue of value theory.From human subjective perspectives,Wang Yangming,drawing from the Record of Ritual,identifies humans as the heart of Heaven and Earth.He views“gan tong”(heart-felt influence and empathy)as the value basis of care for people and things,emphasizing genuine empathy for all beings,while guiding on being oneness with things sensitively at both the natural and expected levels.In his eyes,the concept of the unity of things is mainly based on the value theory,highlighting the necessity of human's empathetic understanding of the suffering experienced by all things and their values.The multiple differences between Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming's argument on oneness can be attributed to the difference in perspectives.Within their respective perspectives,both of them emphasize the moral emotions that humans hold towards things,along with the interconnection of value between humans and things.The similarities and differences between them enlighten us that the distinction between anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism in ecological ethics can gain a new understanding through“whether humans are the center of the horizon”.