快与愧:祁彪佳日记中的戏曲活动

Glee and Guilt:Xiqu Activities in Qi Biaojia's Diary

晚明士人祁彪佳日记中,所载观剧数量为明代文人之最,照鉴祁氏对于戏曲的复杂心绪。祁彪佳早年全情投入戏曲活动,在求仕进举甚至父丧乡居期间,不仅不忌讳传统士大夫对戏曲小道的排斥,还多与当地戏曲同好交往,力求穷尽搜集当世剧本,撰写《远山堂曲品剧品》。祁彪佳的戏曲观演活动主要用以燕饮酬友、日常奉母和节庆祭神。在日记中他对于“顾曲之癖”多有悔过反省之意,但实际上一直未能戒除案头阅读和日常看戏的喜好,直到国难危急,最终无心顾曲。祁氏一方面极力为明代戏曲张目,另一方面因耽溺戏曲享乐与传统儒家入世价值观扞格,又兼受时局艰险的压力,因此存在矛盾两难心态,这在晚明文人群体中颇具代表性。

Qi Biaojia,a scholar from the late Ming Dynasty,recorded the highest number of plays watched among the literati of the Ming dynasty in his diary,reflecting his complex feelings towards Xiqu.In his early years,Qi Biaojia was fully engaged in Xiqu activities.Even during his pursuit of imperial examinations or his father's mourning period in his hometown,he did not shy away from Xiqu.Unlike most traditional scholars who disdain it as a minor art form,he frequently interacted with local Xiqu enthusiasts,strove to collect scripts from the Ming Dynasty,and eventually managed to write a book called Yuan Shan Tang Qu Pin Ju Pin.Qi Biaojia's Xiqu watching activities were mainly for entertaining friends with feasts,serving his mother in daily life,and offering sacrifices to gods during festivals.Despite the recurring regret expressed in his dairy,he never abandoned his affection for reading scripts and attending theatrical performances,until the national crisis made him lose interest.All through his life,Qi Biaojia has made great efforts to promote the Xiqu of the Ming Dynasty.But his indulgence in the pleasure of Xiqu was in conflict with the traditional Confucian values of engaging with the world and he was constantly under pressure as his country descended into chaos and barbarism.This conflicted and dilemmatic mindset was quite representative of the literati group in the late Ming Dynasty.