漢代傳注附經舆章句、注解興替

Forms of Annotations Being Attached to Their Relevant Classics in Han Dynasty and the Alteration

馬融“欲省學者雨讀,故具載本文”的舉措,被孔穎達奉爲“以傳附經”之始。追溯傳世先秦諸子和出土文獻,可以發現經注合一文本形態時有出現,只是受到書寫載體和書寫形式限制而未能推廣普及。兩漢獨尊儒學,建立博士制度,傳授弟子,其研習的便捷方法更需要經傳合一的文本。由於書寫仍以狹長的簡牘爲基本載體,一旦經傳合一,便泯滅兩者界限,故經傳分行仍是當時的主流形式。随着經學的發展,由先秦之傳體演進到章句時代,各家離章析句之經文漸趨定型,爲“注”之産生創造了條件。人們在求便省護心理的驅使下,参照先秦已有的成例,想方設法,或用符號和换簡来隔绝,或用朱墨和大小字来區別,或加“傳”和“注”、“箋”使分明,終使經文和傳注漸漸走向合一的形態。

Ma Rong's transcribing both classics text and its annotations to offer scholars reading convenience,which was pointed by Kong Yingda as the beginning of the forms that annotations were attached to their relevant classics.These kinds of forms had already appeared in pre-Qin thinkers'articles and excavated documents,while writing carriers and forms limited their spread and popularization.During the Han Dynasty,Confucian theories were recognized by the government as the dominating doctrine.In the process of teaching and learning,texts that annotations being attached to their relevant classics were more efficient.The main writing carrier during that era was still long and narrow bamboo slip.The barriers of classics and their annotations would disappear once they were attached to each other.As a result,at that time they were still mainly independent to each other.With the development of the Confucian classics studying,annotation form of"zhuan"evolved to the form of"zhangju".Different schools of scholars had analyzed and finalized classics texts into mass of chapters and sentences,which created conditions of generating annotation form of"zhu".Promoted by reading convenience,scholars referred to examples in pre-Qin documents and tried several methods such as isolating classics text and its annotation by using symbols or directly writing on the next bamboo slip,and distinguishing them by using black and red inks or writing as regular and smaller fonts,and adding"zhuan","zhu","jian"to make annotations obvious.These kinds of methods finally promote the form of annotations being attached to their relevant classics.