竞技体育后备人才培养的域外经验与中国镜鉴——以美、日、德为例

Extraterritorial Experience and Chinese Mirror of Cultivating Reserve Talents for Athletic Sports——Taking United States,Japan and Germany as Examples

运用文献资料、逻辑分析等研究方法,以美、日、德三国为案例,梳理美国“院校化”竞技体育后备人才培养模式、日本“双轨制式”竞技体育后备人才培养模式、德国“三段式”竞技体育后备人才培养模式的状况。研究认为,美、日、德三国构建了多元主体参与的竞技体育后备人才培养机制,注重缓解学训矛盾以及分段调控学习与训练计划安排,不断完善竞技体育后备人才培养的长效机制。我国存在竞技体育后备人才储备不足,新兴运动项目人才短缺;体教融合面临实践困境,学训矛盾依然突出;运动员选材机制科学性亟待提升,选材范围狭窄;退役运动员就业安置困难,转型渠道较为单一等问题。应构建多元主体参与、体教融合的竞技体育后备人才培养机制;加强竞技体育后备人才的文化教育,多方位“一体化”破解学训矛盾;优化竞技体育后备人才选材模式,提高人才选拔的科学性;拓展退役运动员职业转型安置渠道,拓宽优秀体育后备人才就业方式。

With the research methods of literature review and logical analysis,the paper takes the United States,Japan and Germany as case studies,and sorts out the“institutionalize”competitive sports reserve training model of the United States,the“two-track”competitive sports reserve training model of Japan,and the“three-stage”competitive sports reserve training model of Germany.The paper concludes that the United States,Japan and Germany have constructed a mechanism for the cultivation of athletic sports reserve talents with the participation of multiple subjects,focusing on alleviating the contradiction between learning and training as well as regulating the arrangement of learning and training programs in sections,and constantly improving the long-term mechanism for the cultivation of athletic sports reserve talents.In China,there are insufficient reserve talents in competitive sports and a shortage of talents in emerging sports;the integration of sports and education is facing practical difficulties,and the contradiction between learning and training is still prominent;the scientific nature of the athlete selection mechanism is in urgent need of enhancement,and the scope of selection is narrow;the retired athletes have difficulties in employment and placement,and there is a single channel for transformation.It is necessary to build the training mechanism of competitive sports reserve talents with the participation of multiple subjects and the integration of sports and education;to strengthen the cultural education of competitive sports reserve talents,and solve the contradiction between learning and training in a multi-directional“integrated”way;to optimize the selection mode of competitive sports reserve talents,and improve the scientificity of talent selection;to expand the career transformation and placement channels of retired athletes,and to expand the employment mode of excellent sports reserve talents.