道体与治体:胡瑗《春秋》学思想的体用之维

Dao Ti and Zhi Ti: The Dimensions of Ti and Yong in Hu Yuan's Study of The Spring and Autumn Annals

北宋儒学复兴运动中,儒者从《春秋》中发掘孔子所寄寓的治天下的王道大法,逐渐形成了具有“庆历之风”的《春秋》新学。其中,胡瑗将儒学的全体大用概括为“明体达用”之学,揭示出作为“圣人之文”的《春秋》经有其更宏阔的“体”与“用”的维度。他通过对儒学理论的阐释,使得“道体”和“治体”成为宋代《春秋》学的两个主要理论面向。由此,《春秋》学肩负着体证天道性命之理的道体和奠定立国根本规模的治体的双重使命。以道体为治体的正当性来源,以治体作为道体的客观化落实,赓续着儒学全体大用、内圣外王的宏阔规模。这样,王道政治的重建才具有根本的合理性依据,并且能够在吸纳文明新质过程中做到因时创制。基于此种明体达用的“安定规模”,儒家经学能够不断地激活和增益其内在生命力,在经史互动、政学相维中引领历史与文明的发展进步。

In the revival movement of Confucianism in Northern Song Dynasty, Confucian scholars unearthed the kingly way of governance, which they believed has been hinted by Confucius in The Spring and Autumn Annals. Under the background of “the ethos of Qingli”, this trend has gradually evolved into a new school in the study of the classic. During this process, Hu Yuan summarized the overall use of Confucianism as “understanding Ti and achieving Yong”. He revealed that as a writing from sage, The Spring and Autumn Annals has contained broader dimensions which consists of “Ti” and “Yong”. Through his interpretation, “Dao Ti”, which embodied the principles of heaven and life, and “Zhi Ti”, which laid the fundamental scale of national establishment, have become the two main theoretical concepts in the study of The Spring and Autumn Annals in Song Dynasty. Dao Ti is the source of legitimacy of Zhi Ti, while Zhi Ti is the objective implementation of Dao Ti, together they continued the grand scale of Confucianism, which has always aimed at the coherently overall use as well as inner sageliness and outer kingliness. With Hu's thoughts,the reconstruction of kingly way politics got a fundamental rational basis and gained the ability of adjusting itself with new creation when new civilization qualities were needed to be absorbed. Due to Hu's stable theoretical system, the internal vitality of Confucian classics could be activated and enhanced continuously, kept promoting the development and progress of history and civilization in the interaction between classics and history, as well as the integration of politics and academics.