古代蜀道交通文化考论

On the Culture of Post Houses and the Changes of Transport Means in the History of Shudao

蜀道交通在数千年发展过程中创造了独具特色的馆驿文化。秦汉褒斜道上的邮、亭、驿、置、寺都是驿传设施,唐代蜀道馆驿设置较为周密,馆驿名称的大量出现也是在唐代,且具有地志化、雅名化特征。其命名以自然山水资源与历史地理方位为依据。唐宋蜀道馆驿建造讲究,规模宏大,功能齐全,且注重驿馆环境美化。明清两朝继其轨辙,承袭较多,但因战争频繁、时有破坏等原因,蜀道馆驿文化至清代趋向衰落。另一方面,适应蜀道运输的交通工具呈现不同的时代特征。秦汉时期是人力兼畜力(马)驿传方式,三国时期诸葛亮发明的木牛流马则是应对栈道运输粮草的特殊交通工具。唐代马政发达,马成为蜀道的主要交通工具,传车次之。宋代至明清则是马、驴、轿兼而有之,呈现出古代后期交通工具的多样化特征。

Through its thousands years history, the transportation of Shudao has generated a unique culture of post houses. You, ting, yi, zhi, si, which existed in Baoxie Dao in Qin and Han dynasties, were all post services. During Tang Dynasty, the arrangement of post houses were quite thorough, and the names of the post houses extensively emerged in literature. Most of the names were landmarked and elegant, which were based on natural scenery or historical geography. In Tang and Song period, the post houses on Shudao were carefully built with grand scale, complete functions and graceful environment. Ming and Qing dynasties have inherited these sites, however, due to reasons like wars and deconstruction, the culture of post houses has declined in Qing Dynasty. On the other hand, transport means of Shudao has also changed in different historical periods.In Qin and Han dynasties, people traveled on foot or horseback. In the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang invented muniu liuma to transport army provisions. Due to the prosperity of horse husbandry, horses became the main transport mean in Tang Dynasty, as there were also carts then. From Song to Ming and Qing period,the means have become more diversified, including horses, donkeys and carts.