生态环境损害赔偿诉讼风险规避视角下的环境治理新双轨制

The New Dual-track System of Environmental Governance from the Perspective of Risk Aversion in Ecological and Environmental Damage Canpensation Litigation

生态环境损害赔偿诉讼的实施在落实“损害担责”原则的同时又带来了污染者的责任加重、行政机关的职责弱化、检察机关的监督受阻及环保组织的诉权闲置等一系列责任风险。究其原因在于制度设计者过分关注了生态环境损害赔偿诉讼的私益属性。事实上,公益属性才是生态环境损害赔偿诉讼的本质属性。围绕生态环境损害赔偿诉讼公益属性的回归,在制度层面构建“检察机关—行政机关—环境执法—环境民事公益诉讼(广义)”和“公益组织—检察机关—环境民事公益诉讼(狭义)”并行的环境治理“新双轨制”,在实现环境执法与广义的环境民事公益诉讼、生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与狭义的环境民事公益诉讼以及环境民事公益诉讼与环境行政公益诉讼有效衔接的同时,可以有效规避生态环境损害赔偿诉讼实施中的各种责任风险。

The implementation of ecological environmental damage compensation litigation,while enforcing the“liability for harm”principle,brings about a series of liability risks,including increased responsibility for polluters,weakening of the responsibilities of administrative agencies,hindered supervision by prosecutorial organs,and futility of litigation rights of environmental protection organizations.The root cause lies in the excessive focus of the institutional designers on the private interest attributes of ecological environmental damage compensation litigation.In fact,the essential attribute of ecological environmental damage compensation litigation is its public interest nature.Centered on the return to the public interest attributes of ecological environmental damage compensation litigation,this study proposes the construction of a“new dual-track system”of environmental governance,where“prosecutorial organs—administrative organs—environmental law enforcement—environmental civil public interest litigation(broad)”and“public interest organizations—prosecutorial organs—environmental civil public interest litigation(narrow)”operate concurrently.This approach facilitates effective alignment between environmental law enforcement and broad environmental civil public interest litigation,ecological environmental damage compensation litigation and narrow environmental civil public interest litigation,as well as seamless integration between environmental civil public interest litigation and environmental administrative public interest litigation,thereby effectively mitigating various liability risks in the implementation of ecological environmental damage compensation litigation.