生成式人工智能服务提供者侵权责任的场景化分类及归责认定

Scenario-based Classification and Attribution of Tort Liability of Generative Artificial Intelligence Service Providers

生成式人工智能展现出强大的类人技术,其发展和应用引发了人工智能风险,其中最大的风险为侵权风险。生成式人工智能侵权具有特殊性,其侵权主体具有多元性,归责原则具有多样性,法律责任具有分散性。生成式人工智能不具备法律主体资格,其服务提供者应当承担侵权责任。对生成式人工智能服务提供者侵权的归责,应当区分训练阶段、生成阶段、移除阶段并结合风险程度适用不同的归责原则。生成式人工智能侵权责任的认定和承担,应当从以责任形态为核心的研究进路转向以侵权场景类型化为核心的分析范式。针对产品构成类生成式人工智能,对其生产者适用产品责任,对其服务提供者按照过错责任对待,对高风险的生成式人工智能产品还应引入惩罚性赔偿。针对辅助决策类生成式人工智能,应当比较使用者与服务提供者之间的过错分配侵权责任,并配置责任豁免事由。针对生成式人工智能和大模型,其侵权涉及服务提供者责任、平台责任及出版者责任等,应区分责任层次和大小,实现风险与归责平衡。

The development and application of generative artificial intelligence,which presents powerful human-like technology,has led to artificial intelligence risks,the biggest of which is the risk of infringement.The tort of generative artificial intelligence has a particularity,the tort subject has diversity,the imputation principle has diversity,and the legal liability has dispersion.Generative AI does not qualify as a legal subject,and its service provider should bear the liability for infringement.The tort liability of generative AI service providers should be divided into training stage,generation stage and removal stage,and different liability principles should be applied according to the degree of risk.The identification and commitment of tort liability of generative artificial intelligence should be changed from the approach of liability form to the analysis paradigm of infringement scenario.Product-component generative AI applies product liability to its producers,service providers are treated according to fault liability,and punitive damages should be introduced to high-risk generative AI products.The generative AI of auxiliary decision-making should compare the fault allocation of tort liability between the user and the service provider,and assign the exemption of liability.The tort of generative artificial intelligence and large model involves the liability of service provider,platform publisher,etc.,and the level and size of liability should be distinguished to achieve a balance between risk and liability.