欧盟老龄化政策在职业健康领域的应用及启示

Application and implications of European Union's aging policies in occupational health

我国已经迈入中度老龄化阶段。整体人口老龄化的加剧以及劳动年龄人口的老龄化程度持续加重,给中国社会经济发展带来巨大挑战。欧盟各国较早进入老龄化阶段且老龄化程度更深。为缓解劳动力短缺和社会抚养比持续上升的压力,欧盟实施了一系列应对政策和措施,包括提高退休年龄,强调弹性退休,促进工作灵活性,增加老年劳动者福利,打造老年友好环境,关注职业健康,加强知识和技能培训,以及推动数字化技术在工作场所的应用等。这些措施旨在避免老年劳动者过早退出职场,帮助他们更好地平衡工作和生活,提升职业健康和工作能力,提高企业整体效益。本综述将从老年劳动者的职业健康和职业能力发展角度,探讨欧盟各国在处理职业人群老龄化方面的经验,以提出合理化建议,帮助我国在稳妥有序推进渐进式延迟法定退休年龄的政策时,能更好地适应劳动力老龄化的挑战,提高整体劳动力的工作效率和劳动力市场的稳定性,激发高学历、高能力的中老年劳动者的人才红利,促进社会经济持续向好发展。

China has entered a stage of deep aging.The expanding aging population and subsequently an aging labor force pose significant challenges to China’s social and economic development.European Union(EU)countries have entered the aging phase earlier and to a greater extent.To address the labor shortage and the rising dependency ratio,the EU has implemented a series of policies and measures,including raising retirement age,promoting flexible retirement,enhancing work flexibility,improving welfare for elderly workers,creating age-friendly environments,focusing on occupational health,strengthening knowledge and skills training,and leveraging digital technologies in the workplace.These measures aim to prevent premature exit of elderly workers,better balance their work and life needs,improve occupational health and skills,and enhance overall work efficiency of companies.This review discussed the experience and lessons learned from the EU countries in addressing the aging workforce from the perspectives of occupational health and occupational skills development,aiming to provide rational suggestions to assist China in better adapting the challenges of aging workforce after steadily and orderly advancing the gradual reform of the statutory retirement age,thereby improving the efficiency of the overall workforce and the stability of the labor market,driving the talent dividend of highly educated and skilled middle-aged and elderly employees,and ultimately promoting sustained economic and social development.