6种牧草对恶性入侵植物黄花刺茄的替代控制效果

Assessment of the replacement control effects of six forage specieson the malignant invasive plant Solanum rostratum

【目的】基于自然解决方案筛选有经济价值、生态价值、广适应性的替代植物及其组合,为遏制我国北方农牧交错区的恶性外来入侵杂草黄花刺茄的蔓延危害提供绿色防控技术。【方法】使用两因素多区组非对称性取代试验方法,通过异质性土壤盆栽试验筛选目标替代植物,分别测定黄花刺茄单种、与替代植物两两混种的叶绿素值,地上、地下以及单株生物量,通过竞争效应定量分析,筛选表现优异的替代植物,再进行小区试验筛选验证。【结果】褐土(S1、S2)处理组替代效果好的牧草为羊草、扁穗冰草、苇状羊茅,但其在S1及S2处理组中表现不同,S1处理组中其对黄花刺茄生物量抑制率依次为92.90%、92.31%以及92.31%,S2处理组中其对黄花刺茄生物量抑制率依次为56.7%、78.4%、54.9%;栗褐土(S3)处理组替代效果好的植物为紫花苜蓿、羊草、扁穗冰草、苇状羊茅,对黄花刺茄生物量抑制率依次为94.20%、91.95%、87.35%、86.21%;栗钙土(S4、S5)处理组替代效果综合表现最好的牧草为苇状羊茅,对黄花刺茄生物量抑制率为97.26%~85.19%,此外扁穗冰草在S4处理组中对黄花刺茄生物量抑制率达88.41%,紫花苜蓿在S5处理组中对黄花刺茄生物量抑制率达88.89%;黑钙土(S6)处理组替代效果好的牧草为紫花苜蓿,对黄花刺茄生物量抑制率为94.20%;新积土(S7)处理组替代效果好的牧草为羊草、苇状羊茅,对黄花刺茄生物量抑制率依次为94.57%,85.27%。小区试验结果表明:紫花苜蓿+羊草处理组合、紫花苜蓿+羊草+苇状羊茅处理组合,对黄花刺茄竞争抑制效果最好,相比于对照组(单种黄花刺茄)降低其单位面积生物量百分比分别为91.78%、91.2%。【结论】不同土壤处理组中,替代效果综合表现较好的是紫花苜蓿、苇状羊茅、羊草。在有机质含量较高的土壤处理组中,苇状羊茅、羊草对黄花刺茄表现出较好的竞争抑制效应;有机质较低的土壤处理组中,紫花苜蓿对黄花刺茄的抑制效果较好。紫花苜蓿+羊草、紫花苜蓿+羊草+苇状羊茅两种组合对吉林省白城市科尔沁草原上黄花刺茄抑制效果好、低成本、效益高、适应性强,可广泛推广应用于黄花刺茄发生区域的生态治理。

【Aim】Relying on nature-based solutions,screen replacement control plants and their combinations of ecological,economic,and wide-ranging adaptability offer technical measures for controlling the spread of the malignant alien weed Solanum rostratum,which is invading the interlacing region of grazing and agriculture in northern China.【Method】This work employed pot experiments with varied soils in several locales to screen the target replacement control plant using a two-factor multi-block asymmetric substitution experiment.After S.rostratum was planted alone or in combination with pastures,the chlorophyll value,aboveground and belowground biomasses,and individual plant biomass of S.rostratum were measured to identify the best replacement control plant,which was then confirmed by field plot experiments.【Result】In the cinnamon soils(S1,S2)treatment group,the best replacement control plants are Leymus chinensis,Agropyrom cristatum,and Festuca arundinacea;however,their performances were different between the S1 and S2 treatment groups;the biomass inhibition rates of S.rostratum were 92.90%,92.31%,and 92.31%in the S1 treatment and 56.7%,78.4%,and 54.9%in the S2 treatment.The best replacement control plants for the castano-cinnamon soil(S3)treatment group were Medicago sativa,L.chinensis,A.cristatum,and F.arundinacea,with a S.rostratum′s biomass reduction percentage of 94.20%,91.95%,87.35%,and 86.21%,respectively.The best replacement control plant in the treatment of castanozems(S4,S5)was F.arundinacea,which reduced the biomass of S.rostratum by 97.26%to 85.19%.The inhibition rates of S.rostratum by A.cristatum were 88.41%in the S4 treatment,and that of M.sativa was 88.89%in S5.In the chernozems(S6)treatment group,the best replacement control plant was M.sativa,with an S.rostratum biomass reduction percentage of 97.26%.In the alluvial soil treatment group(S7),the best replacement control was L.chinensis.And A.cristatum with S.rostratum biomass reduction percentages of 94.57%and 85.27%respectively.The results of the plot experiment showed that M.sativa+L.chinensis,M.sativa+L.chinensis,and F.arundinacea had the best inhibitory effects on S.rostratum,with S.rostratum reducing percentages of 91.78%and 91.2%,respectively,compared to the control group(S.rostratum planted alone).【Conclusion】Among different soil treatment groups,M.sativa,F.arundinacea,and L.chinensis had the best comprehensive replacement effect.In treatments with higher organic matter contents,F.arundinacea and L.chinensis showed better competitive inhibition of S.rostratum.M.sativa had a stronger inhibitory effect on S.rostratum in the soil treatment group with lower organic matter,M.sativa had a better inhibitory effect on S.rostratum.The combination of M.sativa and L.chinensis and the combination of M.sativa,L.chinensis,and F.arundinacea had the best effect on controlling S.rostratum in the Horqin Steppe of Baicheng City,Jilin Province.These combinations are inexpensive and long-term planting can be used to rebuild the ecological environment and obtain economic benefits.