《田间诗学·秦风》中的政治隐喻

On the Political Metaphors in the Tian Jian Shi Xue- Qin Feng

钱澄之在注解《诗经·秦风》时存在着明显的矛盾态度:一方面,对《秦风》中带有戎俗色彩的相关内容大加批驳;另一方面,又着意于对作为霸主的秦国国君进行维护。就前者而言,钱澄之对于《秦风》中戎俗的成见源自清朝取代明朝的历史现实。在清初统治者严峻的思想政策下,他无法在著述中明言清朝“以夷代华”之事,只能通过“以周喻明,以秦喻清”的方式,在书中借对秦俗的议论以批判清朝的统治。就后者而言,秦国国君在周室衰微之时,以霸主的身份维护王权统治、捍卫礼法秩序的作为,使钱澄之抱有南明亦能借助霸主之力延续正统的设想。总之,钱澄之在《诗经·秦风》中的政治隐喻,恰恰是他遗民情愫的集中体现。

Qian Chengzhi’s commentary on the Qin Feng is marked by an apparent ambivalence:on the one hand,Qian Chengzhi refutes the Rong customs in the Qin Feng;on the other hand,Qian Chengzhi is intent on defending the Qin as the hegemonic ruler of the country.In the former case,Qian Chengzhi’s preconceived notions about the Rong customs in the Qin Feng stemmed from the historical reality of the Qing dynasty replacing the Ming dynasty.Under the severe ideological policy of the early Qing rulers,Qian Chengzhi was unable to explicitly state in his writings that the Qing dynasty had“replaced China with barbarians”,and he could only criticize the Qing rule by discussing Qin customs in his book in the way of“using Zhou as a metaphor for Ming and Qin as a metaphor for Qing”.With regard to the latter,the Qin ruler’s actions in maintaining the rule of the king and defending the order of rites and laws as a hegemony at the time of the Zhou’s decline made Qian Chengzhi think that the Southern Ming dynasty could also continue its orthodoxy by means of the hegemony of the ruler.In short,Qian Chengzhi’s political metaphors in the Tian Jian Shi Xue-Qin Feng are precisely the concentrated manifestation of his sentiments for the remnants of the people.