西安市城区学龄前儿童忽视影响因素分析

Analysis of influencing factors of neglect in preschoolers in urban area of Xi′an

目的了解西安市城区学龄前儿童忽视的影响因素,为采取有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法根据多阶段分层整群抽样的原则,采用“中国城市3~6岁(学龄前)儿童忽视评价常模量表”,于2022年11月,随机对西安市7个城区15所幼儿园3~6岁(学龄前)的2450名儿童家长进行问卷调查,并对数据资料进行单因素分析、Logistic回归分析及多元逐步回归分析。结果在2450名儿童中,男童1221名(49.84%),女童1229名(50.16%);大、中、小班儿童分别为936名(38.20%)、757名(30.90%)和757名(30.90%);一孩家庭1179个(52.08%),多孩家庭1085个(47.92%),其中缺失186人。不同年级儿童的忽视率和忽视度比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同性别儿童的忽视率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而忽视度比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.450,P<0.05);不同孩子个数家庭儿童的忽视率和忽视度比较差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=13.678,P<0.05;t=2.792,P<0.05)。除民族和性别外,年级、父亲和母亲的文化程度及职业、家庭类型、人均住房面积、孩子个数、孩子在家中排行及家庭年收入均为儿童忽视频度的影响因素(χ^(2)=5.780~48.811,P<0.05)。影响忽视频度的各层面因素个数排序显示:医疗忽视(9个)>教育忽视(8个)>身体忽视(7个)>情感忽视(6个)>安全忽视(5个)。年级、民族、孩子性别、父亲和母亲的文化程度及职业、家庭类型、人均住房面积、孩子个数、孩子在家中排行及家庭年收入均为儿童忽视强度的影响因素(F/t=2.428~32.650,P<0.05)。影响忽视强度的各层面因素个数排序显示:安全忽视(11个)>教育和医疗忽视(各10个)>情感忽视(9个)>身体忽视(8个)。二元Logistic回归分析显示,孩子个数是儿童忽视频度的危险因素(OR=1.402,95%CI:1.125~1.746,P<0.05),家庭年收入则是保护因素(OR=0.663,95%CI:0.593~0.740,P<0.05)。影响儿童忽视程度的因素依次为家庭年收入>人均住房面积>孩子个数>父亲文化程度>年级>孩子性别。结论西安市城区学龄前儿童忽视状况严重,其影响因素错综复杂,提示有关部门应制定针对性的干预措施,从根本上改善儿童忽视状况。

Objective To explore influencing factors of neglect in preschoolers in urban areas of Xi′an,and to provide scientific basis for taking effective intervention measures.Methods According to principle of multi-stage stratified cluster sampling,by using Neglect Assessment Norm Scale of 3-6 Years Old(Preschool)Children in Chinese Cities,2450 parents of the children aged 3-6 years(preschoolers)from 15 kindergartens in 7 urban areas of Xi′an city were randomly investigated with a questionnaire in November 2022.Univariate analysis,binary Logistic regression analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the data.Results Of 2450 children,1221(49.84%)children were boys and 1229(50.16%)children were girls.There were 936(38.20%)children in senior class of the kindergarten,757(30.90%)children in middle class of the kindergarten and 757(30.90%)children in junior class of the kindergarten respectively.1179 families had one child(52.08%)and 1085 families had multiple children(47.92%),and 186 families missed for the questionnaire investigation.There were no statistically significant differences in neglect rate and neglect degree among the children in different grades(all P>0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in neglect rate in the children between the two gender groups(P>0.05).But there were statistically significant differences in the neglect degree of the children between the two gender groups(t=2.45,P<0.05).And in the neglect rate and neglect degree of the children,there were statistically significant differences between the one-child family group and the multi-child family group(χ^(2)=13.678,P<0.05;t=2.792,P<0.05).Except ethnic group and gender,grade of the child,parents'educational level and occupation,family type,per capita housing area,number of children in the family,child ranking in the family and annual household income were all influencing factors of child neglect(χ^(2)=5.780-48.715,all P<0.05).The ranks in number of factors affecting frequency of neglect in different aspects were as follows:medical neglect(9)>educational neglect(8)>physical neglect(7)>emotional neglect(6)>safety neglect(5).The results of One-way ANOVA showed that grade,gender and ethnic group of the children,parents'educational level and occupation,family type,per capita housing area,number of children in the family,child ranking in the family and annual household income were all influencing factors of child neglect intensity(F=2.428-32.650,all P<0.05).The ranks in number of factors affecting the intensity of child neglect in different aspects were as follows:safety neglect(11)>educational and medical neglect(10)>emotional neglect(9)>physical neglect(8).Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that number of children in the family was a risk factor affecting the frequency of child neglect(OR=1.402,95%CI:1.125-1.746,P<0.05),while the annual household income was a protective factor for the frequency of child neglect(OR=0.663,95%CI:0.593-0.740,P<0.05).The factors that affected the degree of child neglect were as follows in order:annual household income>per capita housing area>number of children in the family>father's educational level>grade of the child>gender of the child.Conclusion The situation of child neglect in preschoolers in urban areas of Xi′an is serious,and the influencing factors are complex,which suggests that the government and the family should formulate targeted intervention measures to improve the situation of child neglect fundamentally.