论格式条款的订入控制与效力控制——以《合同编通则司法解释》第9条、第10条为中心

On the Incorporation and Validity Control of Standard Terms:Centered around Articles 9 and 10 of the Judicial Interpretation of the General Principles of the Contract Section

格式条款控制彰显不同维度的公平价值,是交换公平与分配公平的凸显,亦有程序公平与实体公平的追求。格式条款订入控制确保缔约过程的公平,且明确将提示与说明义务的举证责任分配给提供方,乃程序正义之体现;格式条款效力控制确保合同内容客观、公平,侧重的是实质正义。格式条款的订入合同应满足提示与说明义务的积极要件,《合同编通则司法解释》第10条的异常条款宜作为订入合同的消极要件。采用知情同意的原则来判断格式条款是否订入合同,知情同意是格式条款相对方在了解格式条款的风险基础上作出接受格式条款的意思表示,且签字行为并不完全能够证明作出了知情同意。契约自由与格式条款控制应取得平衡,私法自治仍作为合同法的原则,控制则以必要为限,订入控制和效力控制都不应逾越必要限度。订入控制和效力控制是动态的相互补充关系,何者为主次,还须考虑不同合同的特殊性,如保险合同以内容控制为主,电子合同以订入控制为主。

The control of standard terms manifests the fair value of different dimensions,highlighting the fairness of exchange and distribution,as well as the pursuit of procedural and substantive fairness.The inclusion of standard terms ensures fairness in the contracting process and clearly assigns the burden of proof for the obligation to provide prompts and explanations to the provider,which is a manifestation of procedural justice;The effectiveness control of standard terms ensures the objectivity and fairness of contract content,which focuses on the substantive justice.The inclusion of standard terms in a contract should meet the positive requirements of prompting and explaining obligations,and the abnormal terms in Article 10 of the Judicial Interpretation on Contract Compilation should be regarded as negative requirements for contract inclusion.The principle of informed consent is used to determine whether the standard terms are included in the contract.Informed consent is the expression of acceptance of the standard terms by the counterparty based on their understanding of the risks associated with the standard terms,and the act of signing does not fully prove the informed consent.A balance should be struck between freedom of contract and control over standard terms.Private law autonomy remains a principle of contract law,while control should be limited to what is necessary.Neither contractual control nor effectiveness control should exceed the necessary limits.The relationship between inclusion control and effectiveness control is dynamic and complementary.The priority of inclusion control also needs to consider the specificity of different contracts,such as content control in insurance contracts and inclusion control in electronic contracts.