鸣鼓连腰以歌:湘西毛古斯的“形”与“神”——基于湘西土碧村的舞蹈民族志考察

"Form" and "Spirit" of Maogusi Dance in Xiangxi—A Study on Dance Ethnography Based on Tubi Village in Xiangxi

舞蹈具有丰富的内在元素和外在表现形式,兼备文化表征、社会记忆、民族认同等诸多功能。湘西毛古斯作为国家级非物质文化遗产,承载着土家族人的社会记忆和精神气质。作为某一特定时间内不可或缺的一项仪式活动,它通过象征符号呈现社会和文化田野场景。在认识和阐释毛古斯的方法路径上,舞蹈民族志提供了一种独特的研究视角。一方面,舞蹈民族志的“浅描”重在客观真实描绘毛古斯的“形”,包括舞蹈场地、民族主体、动作、音乐、场景等外在表现形式。另一方面,舞蹈民族志的“深描”在于深入阐释毛古斯的“神”,包括舞蹈的象征意义、社会连接、价值观念、国家归属感和社会凝聚力等内在要素。通过“形”“神”兼备的描绘与阐释,我们方能深刻理解湘西毛古斯作为一种地域文化表达和社会互动媒介的复杂性与多元性。

Dance has rich internal elements and external manifestations,and has many functions such as cultural representation,social memory,and national identity.As a national intangible cultural heritage,Maogusi(a folk dance of the Tujia ethnic group)in Xiangxi(western Hunan province)carries the social memory and spiritual temperament of the Tujia ethnic group.As an indispensable ceremonial activity at a specific time,it presents social and cultural field scenes through symbols.Dance ethnography provides a unique research perspective for the methodological path in understanding and interpreting Mogusi.On the one hand,the"shallow description"of dance ethnography objectively and truly focuses on depicting the"form"of Mogusi,including external manifestations such as dance venues,national subjects,movements,music,and scenes.On the other hand,the"in-depth description"of dance ethnography lies in the in-depth interpretation of the"spirit"of Mogusi,including the inherent elements of dance such as its symbolic meaning,social connection,values,sense of national belonging and social cohesion.Through the description and interpretation of both"form"and"spirit",we can deeply understand the complexity and diversity of Maogusi in Xiangxi as a medium of regional cultural expression and social interaction.