卫国战争时期的苏联国家荣誉体系改革

Reform of the Soviet national award system during the Great Patriotic War

苏联国家荣誉体系在卫国战争前初步形成了制度,战争爆发后一些授奖实践暴露出该制度的不足。苏联官方根据战争情况并结合前线官兵的反馈,修订了原有法令,颁布了新的条例,完善了档案的登记制度,还在调整勋章、奖章形制后增设了新的勋章和奖章,并规定了其佩戴方式与顺序。这次改革使苏联国家荣誉体系在战时条件下得以顺利运行,鼓舞了苏军士气,并留下了关于卫国战争历史的丰富档案文献。与此同时,勋章、奖章颁发量过大也造成了“荣誉贬值”和福利削减的负面影响。

The Soviet national award system was initially formed before the Great Patriotic War. Yet, after the outbreak of the war, some awarding practices exposed the shortcomings of this system. Based on the war situation and feedback of the frontline officers and soldiers, the Soviet authorities revised the original decree, issued new regulations, and improved the archive registration system. Moreover, multiple new orders and medals were added after adjusting their shapes and forms, while the way and order of wearing them was stipulated as well. This reform enabled the Soviet national award system to operate smoothly under wartime conditions, boosted the morale of the Soviet army, and left rich archival documents on the history of the Great Patriotic War. However, the excessive amount of orders and medals issued through this system also resulted in negative impacts such as “devaluation of award” and welfare cuts.