补灌条件下增施有机肥对小麦-玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

Effects of Increasing Organic Fertilizer on Wheat-maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency Under Supplementary Irrigation Condition

探讨补灌条件下增施有机肥对小麦、玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响,为豫中补灌区合理利用水肥资源、小麦-玉米高产高效生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。2018-2020年进行田间定位试验,设3个灌水水平:不灌溉(W0),补灌1次(W1)(拔节期)、补灌2次(W2)(拔节期,抽穗-扬花期),每次灌水450 m^(3)/hm^(2)。设5个施肥模式:不施肥(N0)、纯氮210 kg/hm^(2)(N1)、纯氮300 kg/hm^(2)(N2)、纯氮210 kg/hm^(2)+有机肥1 500 kg/hm^(2)(N3)、纯氮300 kg/hm^(2)+有机肥1 500 kg/hm^(2)(N4)。(1)连续2 a灌水措施(W)、施肥模式(N)和灌水×施肥交互作用对小麦、玉米产量和全生育期耗水量均具有极显著影响,且低氮(N1)条件下增施有机肥有利于提高小麦、玉米产量和水分利用效率,其中小麦产量增加了1.75%~17.11%,玉米产量增加了2.42%~12.66%。(2)连续2 a 3种灌水水平条件下,N0处理小麦、玉米产量和水分利用效率低于或显著低于其他处理。(3)2019年小麦、玉米产量均以W1N4最高,分别为11 865.53 kg/hm^(2)和11 662.82 kg/hm^(2);2020年W2N4小麦处理产量最高,W1N3处理玉米产量最高。(4)小麦全生育期耗水量差异显著,连续2 a补灌2次处理的小麦、玉米全生育期耗水量均高于不灌溉相应处理。(5)2019年小麦、玉米水分利用效率均以W2N0最低,2020年W1N0小麦水分利用效率处理最低,W2N0处理次之,W2N0处理玉米水分利用效率最低。补灌或增施有机肥对小麦、玉米产量具有极显著影响,对小麦、玉米水分利用效率有一定积极影响。豫中补灌区推荐适宜小麦-玉米灌溉施肥模式为:小麦、玉米拔节期各补灌1次,施用纯氮300 kg/hm^(2)+有机肥1 500 kg/hm^(2)(氮肥底追比为底施∶拔节肥=7∶3)。

To explore the effects of increased application of organic fertilizer on yield,water consumption and water use efficiency of wheat and maize under supplementary irrigation conditions,this study provides theoretical basis and technical support for rational utilization of water and fertilizer resources and high-yield and high-efficiency production of wheat maize in Supplementary Irrigation Area of Central Henan Province.The field positioning experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020,three irrigation levels were set:without irrigation(W0),supplementary irrigation once(W1)(jointing stage),supplemental irrigation twice(W2)(jointing stage,heading flowering stage),with 450 m^(3)/hm^(2).Five fertilization levels were set:no fertilization(N0),pure nitrogen 210 kg/hm^(2)(N1),pure nitrogen 300 kg/hm^(2)(N2),pure nitrogen 210 kg/hm^(2)+organic fertilizer 1500 kg/hm^(2)(N3),pure nitrogen 300 kg/hm^(2)+organic fertilizer 1500 kg/hm^(2)(N4)。①The continuous 2 a irrigation measure(W),fertilization mode(N)and the interaction of irrigation×fertilization had significant effects on the yield and water consumption of wheat and maize during the whole growth period.Under low nitrogen(N1)conditions,adding organic fertilizer was beneficial to improve the yield and water use efficiency of wheat and maize,and the yield of wheat increased by 1.75%to 17.11%.Corn yields increased by 2.42%to 12.66%.②Under three irrigation levels for two consecutive years,the yield and water use efficiency of wheat and maize in N0 treatment were lower or significantly lower than those in other treatments.③In 2019,W1N4 was the highest in wheat and maize yield,which were 11865.53 kg/hm^(2) and 11662.82 kg/hm^(2),respectively.In 2020,W2N4 wheat treatment had the highest yield,and W1N3 treatment had the highest corn yield.④The water consumption of wheat in the whole growth period was significantly different,and the water consumption of wheat and maize in the second successive 2 a supplemental irrigation treatment was higher than that of the corresponding treatment without irrigation.⑤The use efficiency of wheat and maize in 2019 was the lowest in W2N0,and the use efficiency of wheat in 2020 was the lowest in W1N0,followed by W2N0.W2N0 treatment had the lowest water use efficiency.Supplementary irrigation or increased application of organic fertilizer had significant effects on yield of wheat and maize,and had certain positive effects on water use efficiency of wheat and maize.The recommended suitable wheat-maize irrigation and fertilization mode for the supplementary irrigation area in Central Henan Province is:supplementary irrigation once at jointing stage of wheat and maize,with the application of pure nitrogen 300 kg/hm^(2) plus organic fertilizer 1500 kg/hm^(2)(the base application of nitrogen fertilizer was based on the base application∶jointing fertilizer=7∶3)