据其实有,不事虚无:程瑶田学术思想的崇实特质

Reality Rather Than Nothingness:The Reality-advocating Characteristic of Cheng Yaotian's Academic Thought

清代徽州朴学家程瑶田的学术呈现出“据其实有,不事虚无”的崇实特质。在道德实践方面,程瑶田的观点与宋明理学家迥异,他认为行五伦是务本,而“知性达天”是务本之后的效验,从而颠倒了传统哲学的本末观,并对释氏之虚无和阳明后学空疏学风予以了猛烈批判;同时,程瑶田倡导以主敬统合动静两端,并重视人与人之间的礼让和絜矩之道。在哲学义理方面,程瑶田倡导“性”与“天道”皆是由气之流行聚散而来,其“莫非气也,即莫非道也”的天道观、“气质之性”外并无“义理之性”的人性论,都体现了崇实的学术特征,并对焦循、凌廷堪等人产生了直接的影响。

During the Qing Dynasty,Cheng Yaotian,a scholar of Huizhou,demonstrated a reality-advocating academic style of"based on reality,not focusing on nothingness".In terms of moral practice,Cheng Yaotian differs from Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism scholars in that he believes that practicing the"Five Ethics"is the commitment to fundamentals,while"reaching the heavens with knowledge"is the result of the commitment to fundamentals,thus reversing the traditional philosophical view of the essence and the end,and he fiercely criticizes the nihility of Sakyamuni and the empty and sparse academic style of later Yangming Neo-Confucianism.At the same time,he advocates for the integration of both dynamic and static ends with"prudence",and emphasizes the importance of etiquette and the way of harmony between people.In terms of philosophical principles,Cheng Yaotian advocates that"nature"and"heavenly way"are both derived from the popularity of"qi",His view on the heavenly way,which is"nothing but qi,that is,nothing but Dao",and his theory of human nature,which is not related to"the nature of temperament",reflect the academic characteristics of advocating reality and have a direct impact on Jiao Xun,Ling Tingkan,and others.