中国老年人志愿服务参与类型对老化态度的影响研究

The Effects of Types of Volunteering Service by Older Chinese on Attitudes towards Aging

老年志愿服务契合健康老龄化、积极老龄化与生产性老龄化的内在要求,已成为实施积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的重要策略之一。然而,当前研究聚焦机构或组织开展的正式志愿服务参与,对在中国情境中具有深厚历史积淀的非正式志愿服务参与却缺乏足够关注,中国老年人志愿服务参与的类型与群体异质性有待梳理。同时,老化态度是影响老年人生活质量的重要因素之一,而老年人不同的志愿服务参与类型对老化态度的影响与作用机制尚待厘清。本研究采用中国老年社会追踪调查数据,基于正式与非正式的角度,将老年志愿服务参与分类为“正式型”“非正式型”“双重参与型”及“非参与型”,并引入“身体-认知-社会”分析框架,探讨中国老年人志愿服务参与类型对老化态度的影响机制。研究结果发现:相对于非参与型,正式型志愿服务参与对老化态度有显著的积极影响。尤其是健康状况越差的老年人,参与正式型志愿服务对其老化态度的积极作用越突出,验证了志愿服务参与对老年弱势群体的“社会补偿效应”;而健康状况好的老年人参与正式型志愿服务则主要是通过提升个人价值感来获得更积极的老化态度。参与非正式型志愿服务对老化态度影响不显著,主要是因为其对心理获得维度显著的消极影响抵消了对心理社会丧失与身体变化体验维度的正向影响。参与非正式型志愿服务会显著降低老年人的个人价值感,从而降低其心理获得感。双重参与型的志愿服务参与虽然能够在身体变化体验维度与心理获得维度起到积极作用,但在老化态度的心理社会丧失维度呈现负向效应,因而总效应也不显著。一方面,双重参与既可以通过提升个人价值感来帮助老年人提高心理获得感,也可以直接促进对身体变化的积极感知。特别是对于健康状况较差的老年人,两种类型都参加有助于提高对身体变化的积极体验。另一方面,双重参与直接和间接的作用导致心理社会丧失感,尤其是在尊老敬老氛围较好的社区,参与两种类型反而更容易导致心理社会丧失感和对身体变化的消极体验。建议加强老年志愿服务的品牌化建设,推动志愿服务参与的均衡化;加大对非正式志愿服务的宣传力度,提升社会认知度;营造年龄友好的社会环境,树立科学、积极的老龄观。

The older volunteering is in line with the inherent requirements of healthy aging,active aging,and productive aging,and has become one of the important strategies for implementing the national strategy of actively responding to the aging of the population.However,current research focuses more on formal volunteer service participation through institutions or organizations,while lacking sufficient attention to the informally volunteer service participation with deep historical heritage in the Chinese context. The types and group heterogeneity of Chinese elderly volunteer service participation need to be sorted out. At the same time,attitudes towards aging are one of the important factors affecting the quality of life of older adults. However,the impact and mechanism of different types of voluntary participation on attitudes towards aging by older adults remain unclear. This study uses data from the Chinese Longitudinal Aging Social Survey(CLASS) to classify older voluntary participation into "formal","informal","both",and "non participation" types based on formal and informal perspectives. It also introduces a "physical-cognitive social" analysis framework to explore the impact mechanism of Chinese elderly volunteer service participation types on attitudes towards aging. The research findings show that compared with non participation type,formal volunteer service participation has a significant positive impact on attitudes towards aging. Especially for older adults with worse health conditions,participating in formal volunteer services has a more prominent positive effect on their attitudes towards aging,which verifies the "social compensation effect" of volunteer participation for vulnerable elderly groups. For older adults in good health,participating in formal volunteer services mainly enhances their personal sense of worth to obtain more positive attitudes towards aging. Participating in informal volunteer services does not significantly affect attitudes towards aging mainly because its significant negative impact on psychological acquisition offsets the positive impact on the psychological-social loss and physical change experience dimensions. Participating in informal volunteer services significantly reduces the personal sense of worth of older adults, thereby reducing their psychological sense of acquisition. Although double participation in volunteer services can play a positive role in both physical change experience and psychological acquisition dimensions,it shows a negative effect in the psychological-social loss dimension of attitudes towards aging, resulting in no significant total effect. On the one hand,double participation can help older adults improve their psychological sense of acquisition by enhancing their personal sense of worth and directly promote positive perceptions of physical changes. Especially for older adults with poor health,participating in both types helps improve their positive experience of physical changes. On the other hand,the direct and indirect effects of double participation lead to a sense of psychological-social loss. Especially in communities with a good atmosphere of respecting the elderly,participating in both types may lead to a sense of psychological-social loss and a negative experience of physical changes more easily. The research results suggest that we should strengthen the brand construction of elderly volunteer services and promote the balanced participation in volunteer services;increase publicity efforts for informal volunteer services to enhance social awareness;and create an age-friendly social environment to establish a scientific and positive view of aging.