2011—2021年吉林省即食食品卫生指示菌污染情况分析

Analysis of hygiene indicator bacteria contamination in ready-to-eat foods in Jilin province from 2011 to 2021

目的检测和分析吉林省各地区散装即食食品中卫生指示菌的污染情况,为吉林省散装即食食品行业的安全监管提供参考依据。方法2011—2021年采集吉林省白城市、白山市、吉林市、辽源市、四平市、松原市、通化市、延边朝鲜族自治州、长春市9个地区的5664份即食食品样本,对菌落总数、大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌、霉菌4种卫生指示菌进行检测和分析。结果菌落总数总合格率为82.19%(3563/4335),大肠菌群总合格率为63.34%(1617/2553),大肠埃希氏菌总合格率为96.5%(1655/1715),霉菌总合格率为72.07%(240/333)。9个监测城市中,通化市菌落总数合格率最低为58.53%(367/627),均值为(4.41±1.51)lgCFU/g,白山市大肠菌群合格率最低为43.48%(100/230),均值为(3.47±1.34)lgCFU/g,通化市大肠埃希氏菌合格率最低为92.54%(310/335),均值为(2.11±0.87)lgCFU/g,松原市霉菌合格率最低为54.17%(13/24),均值为(2.13±1.04)lgCFU/g。不同种类食品中,沙拉的菌落总数合格率最低为0,均值为(5.70±0.71)lgCFU/g,中式凉拌菜的大肠菌群合格率最低15.13%(23/152),均值为(3.49±1.08)lgCFU/g,沙拉的大肠埃希氏菌合格率最低为94.34%(150/159),均值为(1.88±0.61)lgCFU/g,蛋糕的霉菌合格率最低为32.26%(10/31),均值为(3.08±1.98)lgCFU/g。不同采样地点中,小型饭店的菌落总数合格率最低为74.74%(494/661),均值为(4.14±1.35)lgCFU/g,百货商场的大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌合格率最低,分别为28.95%(11/38)和80.00%(4/5),大肠菌群均值为(4.06±1.21)lgCFU/g,大肠埃希氏菌阳性样品菌落数为2.04 lgCFU/g,便利店的霉菌合格率最低为53.33%(24/45),均值为(2.41±1.00)lgCFU/g。结论吉林省不同地区生食食品、凉拌、夹心食品等最后一步加工非加热的散装即食食品卫生指示菌污染水平较高,应重点防范。中小型饭店、快餐店、百货商场卫生指示菌污染率较高,需重点监督管理。

Objective To detect and analyze the contamination of hygiene indicator bacteria in bulk ready-to-eat foods in various regions of Jilin province,providing a reference for the safety supervision of the bulk ready-to-eat food industry in Jilin province.Methods From 2011 to 2021,5664 ready-to-eat food samples were collected from 9 regions in Jilin province,including Baicheng city,Baishan city,Jilin city,Liaoyuan city,Siping city,Songyuan city,Tonghua city,Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture,and Changchun city.Four types of hygiene indicator bacteria,including total bacterial count,coliform bacteria,Escherichia coli,and mold,were detected and analyzed.Results The overall pass rate of total bacterial count was 82.19%(3563/4335),the overall pass rate of coliform bacteria was 63.34%(1617/2553),the overall pass rate of Escherichia coli was 96.5%(1655/1715),and the overall pass rate of mold was 72.07%(240/333).Among the 9 monitored cities,Tonghua city had the lowest pass rate of total bacterial count at 58.53%(367/627),with a mean value of(4.41±1.51)lgCFU/g;Baishan city had the lowest pass rate of coliform bacteria at 43.48%(100/230),with a mean value of(3.47±1.34)lgCFU/g;Tonghua city had the lowest pass rate of Escherichia coli at 92.54%(310/335),with a mean value of(2.11±0.87)IgCFU/g;and Songyuan city had the lowest pass rate of mold at 54.17%(13/24),with a mean value of(2.13±1.04)IgCFU/g.Among different types of foods,salads had the lowest pass rate of total bacterial count at 0,with a mean value of(5.70±0.71)lgCFU/g;Chinese-style cold dishes had the lowest pass rate of coliform bacteria at 15.13%(23/152),with a mean value of(3.49±1.08)IgCFU/g;salads had the lowest pass rate of Escherichia coli at 94.34%(150/159),with a mean value of(1.88±0.61)lgCFU/g;and cakes had the lowest pass rate of mold at 32.26%(10/31),with a mean value of(3.08±1.98)lgCFU/g.Among different sampling locations,small restaurants had the lowest pass rate of total bacterial count at 74.74%(494/661),with a mean value of(4.14±1.35)lgCFU/g;The qualified rates of Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli in department stores are the lowest,at 28.95%(11/38)and 80.00%(4/5),respectively.The average value of Escherichia coli is(4.06±1.21)IgCFU/g,and the number of positive samples for Escherichia coli is 2.04 lgCFU/g;and convenience stores had the lowest pass rate of mold at 53.33%(24/45),with a mean value of(2.41±1.00)IgCFU/g.Conclusion The contamination levels of hygiene indicator bacteria in bulk readyto-eat foods that do not undergo a final heating step,such as raw foods,cold dishes,and filled foods,are relatively high in different regions of Jilin province and should be prioritized for prevention.Small and medium-sized restaurants,fast food restaurants,and department stores have higher contamination rates of hygiene indicator bacteria and require focused supervision and management.