心房颤动相关急性缺血性脑卒中血管再通治疗后的抗凝治疗现状分析

Anticoagulation after revascularization therapy for atrial fibrillation-related acute ischemic stroke:current status

目的了解现实世界心房颤动相关急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者接受血管再通治疗后的抗凝现状。方法采用回顾性病例研究方法,抽取南昌大学第二附属医院2019年1月至2022年1月出院诊断为AIS和心房颤动并采取静脉溶栓(IVT)、血管内取栓(EVT)或IVT+EVT治疗的患者为研究对象,记录患者基本临床资料、启动抗凝治疗的时间、抗凝方案及结果等并进行统计学分析,并对延迟或未启动抗凝治疗的原因进行调查分析。结果符合筛选标准的心房颤动相关AIS患者共189例,其中IVT组86例(45.5%)、EVT组63例(33.3%)、IVT+EVT组40例(21.2%)。189例患者的平均年龄为(72.90±9.23)岁,女性患者有93例(49.2%),36.0%(68/189)的患者在AIS血管再通治疗后14 d内启动抗凝治疗,其中IVT组占58.8%(40/68)、EVT组占22.1%(15/68)、IVT+EVT组占19.1%(13/68),3组之间14 d内启动抗凝治疗的患者占比差异有统计学意义(P=0.020)。对血管再通治疗后14 h内启动抗凝治疗患者(68例)与延迟或未启动抗凝治疗患者(121例)临床资料的单因素分析结果显示,两组既往脑卒中病史、血管再通治疗前美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分、血管再通治疗前改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分、影像学特点(病灶靠近皮质、大面积梗死、严重的颅内责任大动脉狭窄或闭塞)、血管再通治疗方式、血管再通治疗后3 d NIHSS评分、血管再通治疗后颅内出血转化差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示,血管再通治疗后3 d NIHSS评分高(OR=1.113,95%CI 1.053~1.176,P<0.001)、血管再通治疗后发生颅内出血(OR=6.098,95%CI 2.004~18.193,P=0.001)的患者不宜进行抗凝治疗。大面积梗死(40.8%)、梗死部位(35.8%)及卒中后出血转化(40.8%)是影响主诊医师启动抗凝治疗的常见原因。在心房颤动相关AIS患者90 d预后中,6例患者出现出血事件,90 d预后良好(mRS评分为0~2分)患者共116例。血管再通治疗后14 d内启动抗凝组90 d预后良好率(89.7%,61/68)高于延迟或未启动抗凝组(45.5%,55/121),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论接受IVT、EVT或IVT+EVT治疗的心房颤动相关AIS患者,在血管再通治疗后早期开始抗凝治疗是安全的,但大多数患者抗凝治疗时机晚于当前推荐的抗凝时机。

Objective To investigate the anticoagulation status of patients with atrial fibrillation(AF)-related acute ischemic stroke(AIS)after revascularization therapy in the real world.Methods A retrospective study was performed on patients diagnosed as AIS and AF from Jan.2019 to Jan.2022 at The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University.Patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis(IVT),endovascular thrombectomy(EVT),or both were enrolled.Clinical information,timing of anticoagulation initiation,treatment regimens,and outcomes were documented and statistically analyzed.Additionally,a questionnaire was administered to the primary physicians to understand reasons for delaying or not initiating anticoagulation.Results A total of 189 patients with AF-related AIS met the screening criteria,including 86(45.5%)cases in the IVT group,63(33.3%)cases in the EVT group,and 40(21.2%)cases in the IVT+EVT group.The mean age of 189 patients was(72.90±9.23)years old.There were 93(49.2%)female patients.Anticoagulation was initiated within 14 d after revascularization therapy in 36.0%(68/189)of patients,with the highest rate in the IVT group(58.8%,40/68),followed by the EVT group(22.1%,15/68)and IVT+EVT group(19.1%,13/68).A significant difference was found in the proportion of patients receiving anticoagulation within 14 d among the 3 groups(P=0.020).Univariate analysis was performed on the clinical data of patients who initiated anticoagulation within 14 d after revascularization therapy(68 cases)and those who delayed or did not initiate anticoagulation(121 cases).The results showed that there were significant differences in the stroke history,National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score before revascularization therapy,Alberta Stroke Program early computed tomography score,modified Rankin scale(mRs)score before revascularization therapy,imaging characteristics(lesions near cortex,large infarction,severe stenosis or occlusion of major intracranial arteries),revascularization therapy method,NIHSS score 3 d after revascularization therapy,and intracranial hemorrhagic transformation after revascularization therapy between the 2 groups(all P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that higher NIHSS scores 3 d after revascularization therapy(odds ratio[OR]=1.113,95%confidence interval[CI]1.053-1.176,P<0.001)and the presence of intracranial hemorrhage after revascularization therapy(OR=6.098,95%CI 2.004-18.193,P=0.001)were significant factors that contraindicated the initiation of anticoagulation.Large infarcts(40.8%),infarct location(35.8%),and hemorrhagic transformation after stroke(40.8%)were the common reasons cited by physicians for not initiating anticoagulation.In the 90-d prognosis of patients with AF-related AIS,6 patients had bleeding events,and 116 patients had a good prognosis(mRS score of 0-2).The 90-d good prognosis rate in the initiated anticoagulation group within 14 d after revascularization therapy(89.7%,61/68)was significantly higher than that in the delayed or non-anticoagulation group(45.5%,55/121;P<0.001).Conclusion For patients with AF-related AIS who receive IVT,EVT or IVT+EVT,it is safe to initiate anticoagulation early after revascularization therapy,but the timing of anticoagulation in most patients is later than the currently recommended anticoagulation timing.